Izibonelo eziyi-10 zeSayensi Elukhuni neSayensi Ethambile - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo Zesayensi Elukhuni
Izibonelo zeSoft Science
Ingakusiza

I- isayensi Kuyisistimu yolwazi etholwe ngokubheka nangokuhlola. Lolu hlelo lunesakhiwo esihlobanisa imikhakha ehlukene yesayensi komunye nomunye, ngezindlela ezithile. Kuyo kunemithetho ejwayelekile eyenziwe ngendlela enengqondo neyokuhlola.

I- ulwazi lwesayensi Ziyakuvumela ukuthi ukhiqize imibuzo futhi uthuthukise ukucabanga ukuze uphendule imibuzo leyo. Izimpendulo ezingaba khona zale mibuzo (ezenziwe ngokwengqondo okunengqondo) ziyabizwa umbono.

Isayensi inendlela ethile yokuxazulula izinkinga nokwakhiwa kolwazi okuthiwa indlela yesayensi. Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene:

Ukuqaphela: Umcimbi ubonwa udala umbuzo noma inkinga
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Hypothesis: Impendulo enengqondo nengaba khona kulowo mbuzo noma inkinga iyakhiwa
Ukuhlolwa: Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi i-hypothesis ilungile yini
Ukuhlaziywa: Imiphumela yokuhlolwa iyahlaziywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma kunqatshwe i-hypothesis futhi kusungulwe iziphetho.

Indlela yesayensi incike ezicini ezimbili eziyisisekelo:

Ukukhiqiza kabusha: Konke ukuhlolwa kwesayensi kumele kukwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha ukuqinisekisa imiphumela.
Ukuphindeka kabusha: Zonke izimangalo zesayensi kumele zakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi zingaphikiswa.

Umehluko phakathi kwesayensi elukhuni nethambile awukona ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni kepha usetshenziselwa ukukhombisa:

I-hard sciences yilezo ezisebenzisa indlela yesayensi ngemiphumela eqinile kakhulu futhi eqondile kanye namathuba wokuqinisekisa.

Bayakwazi ukukhiqiza ukubikezela.
Okokuhlola: Inhloso yayo yokutadisha isiza ukugcwaliseka kokuhlolwa.
Ezobukhosi: ngokujwayelekile (kepha hhayi kuzo zonke izimo) isayensi elukhuni ayiyona inkolelo kodwa inamandla, okusho ukuthi, isuselwa ekubhekeni kwezimo. Yize kunenkolelo esabalele yokuthi yizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-hard sciences kuphela, kodwa sizobona ukuthi kunjalo nangesayensi ethambile.
Okungenakulinganiswa: imiphumela yokuhlola ayigcini nje ngokulingana kodwa futhi iyamanani amaningi.
Izinhloso: Ngenxa yezici esezishiwo, isayensi elukhuni ivame ukubhekwa njengenhloso ethe xaxa kunezithambile.

Isayensi ethambile ingasebenzisa indlela yesayensi kepha kwezinye izimo ifinyelela iziphetho zethiyori ngokucabanga kuphela, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okungenzeka.

Izibikezelo zabo azinembile kangako futhi kwezinye izimo azikwazi ukukhiqiza.
Ngenkathi zingafaka ukuhlolwa, bangafinyelela eziphethweni zethiyori ngaphandle kokwenza izivivinyo.
Zithathwa njengokungenamandla kangako ngoba zingafunda ngezinto ezingakwazi ukwenziwa kabusha ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri. Kodwa-ke, babheka namaqiniso aphathekayo (okungukuthi, empeleni anamandla).
Ayinakulinganiswa: imiphumela ayinakulinganiswa noma ayibalulekile ngezici zazo zobuningi njengezici zazo zekhwalithi
I-Subjectivity: isayensi ethambile ikhombisa ukungenelela kombukeli kokubonwayo okuqashelwe futhi awukuphiki ukuzithoba komcwaningi. Kungakho kukholakala ukuthi bazithoba kakhulu kunesayensi elukhuni.

I- umehluko phakathi kwesayensi elukhuni nelithambile kusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi uhlobo lwesayensi lokuhlola oluningi lungathola ngqo eqinisweni futhi ligweme ukungaqondakali. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje kwesinye sezifundo ezinzima, i-physics, kunezimpikiswano okwamanje ezingeke zixazululwe, njengokuphikisana phakathi kwe-quantum physics ne-classical physics.

Izibonelo Zesayensi Elukhuni

IzibaloIsayensi ehlelekile, okusho ukuthi, iqinisekisa umbono wayo ngokuya ngeziphakamiso, izincazelo, ama-axioms nemithetho yokubhekisa. Funda izakhiwo nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano ezithile ezingabonakali (izinombolo, izibalo zejometri noma izimpawu) ngokulandela ukucabanga okunengqondo. Isetshenziswa yizo zonke ezinye izayensi ezinzima.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi: Funda izinto kanye nezimo ezivela ngaphandle komkhathi womhlaba, okungukuthi, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, izinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana imithala nendawo yonke uqobo lwayo. Usebenzisa i-physics kanye ne-chemistry ukuze akwazi ukuhumusha akubonile kwezinto ezikude nemicimbi.
Okomzimba: Funda indlela yokuziphatha kwe- ndaba, amandla, isikhathi nendawo, nezinguquko nokusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zinto. Inani lomzimba yilezi: amandla (nezinhlobo zawo ezahlukahlukene), umfutho, isisindo, ukukhokhiswa kagesi, i-entropy. Izinhlaka zomzimba kungaba: udaba, izinhlayiya, inkambu, igagasi, isikhathi sesikhala, ingqapheli, isikhundla.
I-Chemistry: Indaba yokufunda zombili ekubunjweni kwayo, ukwakheka kwayo kanye ne- izakhiwo njengakwezinguquko ezihlangabezana nazo. I-Chemistry ibheka ukuthi into eyodwa iphenduka ibe enye lapho izibopho zamakhemikhali eziphakathi kwama-athomu zishintsha. I- i-athomu kuyunithi eliyisisekelo (yize lingahlukaniseki) lekhemistri. Iqukethe i-nucleus eyakhiwe ngama-proton nama-neutron lapho iqembu lama-electron lizungeza emizileni ethile. I-Chemistry ihlukaniswe yaba i-organic chemistry (lapho ufunda i-chemistry yezinto eziphilayo) kanye ne-chemistry engajwayelekile (lapho ufunda i-chemistry ye-inert matter).
ibhayoloji: Fundisisa i- izidalwa eziphilayo kuzo zonke izici zayo, kusukela ekudleni kwayo, ukuzala nokuziphatha kwayo kuya emvelaphi yayo, ukuvela kwayo kanye nobudlelwano nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Ifunda ngama-ensembles amakhulu anjengezinhlobo zezilwane, imiphakathi, kanye nemvelo, kepha futhi nezinyunithi ezincane, njengamaseli nezakhi zofuzo. Yingakho inezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe.
Umuthi: Funda umzimba womuntu ekusebenzeni kwawo okunempilo nasezimweni zokugula (izifo). Ngamanye amagama, ifunda ukuxhumana kwayo ne- ama-microorganisms nezinye izinto ezingakusiza noma zikulimaze. Kuyisayensi ehlotshaniswa ngqo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe, okungukuthi, ukukhuthaza impilo yabantu.

Izibonelo zeSoft Science

Ezenhlalo: Fundisisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwemiphakathi, kanye nanoma isiphi isimo somuntu esihlangene. Abantu bahlala ngamaqembu futhi ubuhlobo obuthile buyasungulwa phakathi kwabo. Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo, luhlukanisa futhi luhlaziye lobu budlelwano. Konke ukuhlaziywa kususelwa kumibono ethile kanye nama-paradigms, okumele isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu sikucacise lapho siveza imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo. Izindlela zabo zokutadisha zingaba seqophelweni eliphezulu (izifundo zocwaningo, izingxoxo, ukubuka, ukucwaninga ngezenzo), ubungako (ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe, imibuzo yemibuzo, ucwaningo nezinye izindlela zokwenza izibonelo) noma ukuqhathanisa (lezo eziqhathanisa izinto ezifanayo ukuze kutholakale iziphetho ezijwayelekile.).
Umlando: Funda okwedlule kwesintu. Kuyisayensi etolikayo esungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqiniso ahlukene, abalingisi nezimo. Njengoba ekhuluma ngezehlakalo ezedlule, akakwazi ukusekela imibono yakhe ekuhlolweni. Kodwa-ke, ukubheka kwakhe okuhle kususelwa ebufakazini abusebenzisayo ukuthethelela lobu budlelwano, kanye nasemqondweni wokucabanga kwakhe.
I-Anthropology: Fundisisa umuntu kusukela ezimisweni zombili zesayensi ethambile (njenge-sociology kanye ne-psychology) kanye nezesayensi eqinile (njenge-biology). Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamandla alinganiselwe okuhlolwa, kubhekwa njengesayensi ethambile. Funda izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kwabantu, ubheke izici ezifanayo phakathi kokuhlukahlukene amasiko.
Psychology: Funda ngokuziphatha komuntu nezinqubo zengqondo zabo bobabili nabantu. Kunemikhakha eyahlukene yokusebenza kwengqondo eveza imibono ephikisanayo ngokusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu. Ngalesi sizathu, ucwaningo lwesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo kumele njalo lwenze imibono nezinkomba ezicacile lapho lusekela khona imicabango kanye nokuchazwa kwalo.