-Delile
I- ama-receptors ezinzwa Ziyingxenye yesistimu yezinzwa, ngoba ziyimithambo yemizwa etholakala ezithweni zezinzwa.
I- izitho zemizwa yisikhumba, impumulo, ulimi, amehlo nezindlebe.
Isikhuthazo esitholwa ngabamukeli bezinzwa sidluliselwa ngohlelo lwezinzwa luye ku-cortex yobuchopho. Lezi zisusa zingadala ukusabela okuzithandela noma okungazibandakanyi. Isibonelo, ukuzwa kwamakhaza abonwa ama-receptors wezinzwa esikhumbeni kungadala ukusabela kokuzithandela ukugoqa kanye nokusabela okungazibandakanyi nokuqhaqhazela.
Lapho uhlelo lwezinzwa luthola umfutho ovela kuma-receptors wezinzwa, lukhipha i-oda emisipheni nasezindlala, ezisebenza njengabasebenza, okungukuthi, lezo ezibonisa izimpendulo zemvelo.
Impendulo yokugqugquzela ingaba yimoto (umphumeleli umsipha) noma i-hormonal (umphumela uyindlala).
Ama-receptors ezinzwa anezici ezithile:
- Zicacisiwe: I-receptor ngayinye izwela kuhlobo oluthile lwesikhuthazi. Isibonelo, ama-receptors olimini kuphela akwazi ukuzwa ukunambitheka.
- Ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa: Lapho isisusa siphikelela, ukusabela kwemizwa kuyancipha.
- Ukuthakazelisa: Yikhono lokuphendula kwisikhuthazi, esihlobene nokukhuthaza endaweni ethile yobuchopho nokuphendula.
- Baphendula ekubhaleni: Uma kukhula umfutho wokukhuthaza, kuthunyelwa umfutho wezinzwa owengeziwe.
Ngokwomsuka wesikhuthazo abalungele ukusithola, ama-receptors wezinzwa ahlukaniswa abe:
- Ama-receptors angaphandle: Yizingxenye zamangqamuzana ezinzwa ezikwazi ukwamukela izikhuthazi ezivela emvelweni ongaphandle komzimba.
- Ama-Internoceptors: Lawa athola ushintsho endaweni yangaphakathi yomzimba, njengokushisa komzimba, ukwakheka nobumuncu begazi, umfutho wegazi, kanye nokugxila kwe-carbon dioxide ne-oxygen.
- Ama-Proprioceptors: Yilawo abona imizwa yokushintsha kwesimo, ngokwesibonelo, lapho uhambisa ikhanda noma imikhawulo.
Ama-Sensory receptors mechanoreceptors:
Isikhumba
Ingcindezi, ukushisa nama-receptors abanda esikhumbeni. Bakha lokho esivame ukubiza ngokuthi "thinta."
- Ama-ruffini corpuscle: Angama-thermoreceptor asepheripherali, athatha ukushisa.
- Ama-corpuscle we-Krause: Yizi-thermoreceptor zangaphandle ezibamba amakhaza.
- Ama-corpuscle eVater-Pacini: Labo ababona ingcindezi esikhunjeni.
- Ama-disc kaMerkel nawo ayayizwa ingcindezi.
- Njengoba ngokuthinta sibona nobuhlungu, ama-nociceptors atholakala esikhumbeni, okungukuthi, ama-receptors wezinhlungu. Ngokuqondile, zingama-mechanoreceptors, athola ukusika okushukumisayo esikhumbeni.
- Ama-corpuscle kaMeiisner alandela ukungqubuzana okuncane, njenge-caresses.
Ulimi
Nanku umqondo wokunambitha.
- Nambitha efihlekile: Bangama-chemoreceptors. Kunokuphela kwezinzwa okungaba ngu-10,000 okusatshalaliswa ebusweni bolimi. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-chemoreceptor lucacisiwe ngohlobo olulodwa lokunambitha: okunoshukela, okunosawoti, okumuncu nokubabayo. Zonke izinhlobo zama-chemoreceptor zisatshalaliswa kulo lonke ulimi, kepha uhlobo ngalunye lugxile kakhulu endaweni ethile. Isibonelo, ama-chemoreceptor for sweet atholakala ekugcineni kolimi, kanti lawo aguqulelwe ekuboneni umunyu asezansi kolimi.
Ikhala
Nansi inzwa yokuhogela.
- Igilobhu le-Olfactory namagatsha alo ezinzwa: Amagatsha ezinzwa atholakala ekugcineni kwamakhala (engxenyeni engenhla) futhi athola isikhuthazo esivela emakhaleni nasemlonyeni. Ngakho-ke ingxenye yalokho esicabanga ukuthi kunambitheka empeleni ivela kumakha. Kula magatsha kunamaseli anqamula amandla ahambisa imizwa eqoqwe yi-bulb olfactory, exhuma ne-nerve olfactory, yona ehambisa le mizwa ku-cortex yobuchopho. Amaseli we-olfactory avela ku-pituitary ephuzi, i-mucosa etholakala engxenyeni engenhla yamakhala. Lawa maseli angabona amaphunga ayisikhombisa ayisisekelo: i-camphor, i-musky, i-floral, i-minty, i-ethereal, i-pungent ne-putrid. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlanganisela eziyizinkulungwane phakathi kwalezi phunga eziyisikhombisa.
Amehlo
Nanku umqondo wokubona.
- Amehlo: Akhiwa i-iris (ingxenye enemibala yeso), umfundi (ingxenye emnyama yeso) kanye ne-sclera (ingxenye emhlophe yeso). Amehlo avikelwe yizivalo ezingaphezulu nezingezansi. Kuzo, izinkophe ziyabavikela othulini. Izinyembezi nazo ziyindlela yokuvikela ngoba zihlala zihlanza njalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ugebhezi lumelela isivikelo esiqinile, ngoba amehlo atholakala ezinyaweni zamehlo, ezungezwe ithambo. Iso ngalinye lihamba ngenxa yemisipha emine. I-retina itholakala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi esweni, ilingene nezindonga zangaphakathi. I-retina iyi-receptor yezinzwa eguqula izinto ezibukwayo zibe yimizwa yezinzwa.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokubona futhi kuncike ekugobekeni kwe-cornea, okungukuthi, ingxenye engaphambili nesobala yeso emboza iris nomfundi. Ukugoba okukhulu noma okuncane kubangela ukuthi isithombe singafinyeleli ku-retina ngakho-ke asikwazi ukuhunyushwa ubuchopho kahle.
Ukuzwa
Kulesi sitho kukhona zombili izamukeli ezibhekele ukuzwa, kanye nalawo wokulinganisela.
- I-Cochlea: I-receptor etholakala endlebeni yangaphakathi futhi ithola imisindo edlidlizelayo bese iyidlulisela ngendlela yemizwa yezinzwa ngokusebenzisa i-nerve auditory, ebayisa ebuchosheni. Ngaphambi kokufinyelela endlebeni yangaphakathi, umsindo ungena ngendlebe engaphandle (i-pinna noma i-atrium) bese ungena endlebeni ephakathi, ethola ukudlidlizela komsindo nge-eardrum. Lokhu kudlidlizela kudluliselwa endlebeni yangaphakathi (lapho kutholakala khona i-cochlea) ngamathambo amancane abizwa ngokuthi i-hammer, anvil, ne-stapes.
- Imisele emincane eyindilinga: Ziyatholakala nasendlebeni yangaphakathi. Lawa amashubhu amathathu aqukethe i-endolymph, uketshezi oluqala ukuzungeza lapho ikhanda liphenduka, ngenxa yama-otoliths, okungamakristalu amancane azwela ukunyakaza.
