-Delile
I- Isandulelo Umbhalo owandulela umsebenzi obhalwayo futhi unikeza umfundi izakhi ezimbili: isingeniso nendlela yokuqala yokuqukethwe umsebenzi, nokwethulwa kombhali wawo. Isibonelo, isandulela sika-Umberto Eco ku 1984 (inoveli ebhalwe nguGeorge Orwell ngo-1949).
Izazi zokulandisa zinethoni ye-eseyi - azikho neze eziqanjiwe - futhi ukufakwa kwazo akuphoqelekile. Banokwandiswa okungaphezulu noma okulinganiselwe futhi umbhali wabo, ngokujwayelekile, akahambisani nalokho komsebenzi. Isandulela kuvame ukuba umuntu owaziyo isihloko okukhulunywa ngaso embhalweni noma kumbhali waso. Ngakho-ke, inikeza ulwazi oluthe xaxa kumfundi oluthuthukisa ulwazi lwabo lokufunda noma olubavumela ukuba baqonde umongo lapho lwenziwa futhi lwashicilelwa khona. Noma kwezinye izikhathi, kungaba ngumbhali womsebenzi uqobo obhala isandulela.
Umsebenzi ofanayo obhaliwe ungaba nezethulo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kumagazini ofanayo. Lezi prologues zingaba ngezandulela ezahlukahlukene. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, kuyacaciswa ukuthi izethulo ezifanayo zihambelana ngamuphi unyaka nokuthi yiluphi uhlelo.
Noma yimuphi umsebenzi obhaliwe ungahambisana nesandulela. Noma ngabe izinganekwane, izincwadi zezinkondlo noma izindaba, amanoveli, imidlalo yeshashalazi, ama-eseyi, iziphakamiso, izincwadi zezifundo, izifundo zesayensi, ukuhlanganiswa kwemibhalo noma izincwadi, imibhalo yamafilimu.
- Bheka futhi: Umbhalo wezincwadi
Izinto zesandulela
- Ukulandelana kwezikhathi. Kungafaka umugqa wesikhathi kokuqukethwe komsebenzi noma ngempilo nomsebenzi wombhali.
- Izingcaphuno zamagama. Imvamisa kufaka izingcezu ezithathwe emsebenzini wesandulela, ukunika isisindo esikhulu ezimpikiswaneni zesandulela.
- Ukuhlolwa komuntu siqu. Isandulela sifaka ukwahlulela, imibono noma ukwahlulela mayelana nomsebenzi wesandulela.
- Ukucatshangelwa komuntu wesithathu. Imvamisa kufaka ukubonwa nokuphawula okwenziwe abanye ababhali, abagxeki noma iziphathimandla maqondana nomsebenzi wesandulela.
Isakhiwo sezandulelo
- Isingeniso. Kubandakanya imininingwane edingekayo yokuthuthuka ekufundeni nasekuqondeni kwesandulela. Isazi seprologueist sichaza ukuthi wahlangana kanjani nombhali, indlela yakhe yokwenza umsebenzi, kwakungani ewuthatha njengongaphezu kwamandla nokuthi wawuthinta kanjani umbhalo.
- Intuthuko. Izimpikiswano ezisekela ukwazisa ngomsebenzi wesandulela ziyethulwa. Ukwenza lokhu, usebenzisa imibono yabanye abantu noma izingcaphuno zezwi nezwi.
- Ukuvala. Isandulela sifuna ukukhuthaza umfundi ukuthi aqale ukufunda umsebenzi. Ngalokho, isebenzisa imibono, izithombe, imibono kanye nokuqonda.
Izibonelo zesandulela
- Isandulelo sikaJean Paul Sartre to Abaqalekisiwe bomhlabangu-Frantz Fanon
"Lapho uFanon, ngokuphambene nalokho, ethi iYurophu yehlela ekubhujisweni, kude nokuphakamisa isimemezelo sokuxwayisa, uyaxilonga. Lo dokotela akazenzisi noma amlahle ngaphandle kokufuna usizo - ezinye izimangaliso zibonakele - futhi akamniki izindlela zokuphulukisa; ubheka ukuthi uyafa yini, ngaphandle, kuncike ezimpawu abekwazi ukuziqoqa. Ngokuqondene nokwelashwa kwakhe, cha: unezinye izinto ezikhathazayo; Akunandaba ukuthi iyacwila noma iyasinda. Yingakho incwadi yakhe ihlazisa (…) ”.
- Isandulelo sikaJulio Cortázar to Qedela izindabangu-Edgar Allan Poe
“Unyaka ka-1847 wakhombisa uPoo elwa nezipoki, ebuyela ku-opium notshwala, ebambelela ekudumiseni okungokomoya ngokuphelele kukaMarie Louise Shew, owazuza uthando lwakhe phakathi nosizi lwaseVirginia. Kamuva wathi "Izinsimbi" zazalwa ngengxoxo phakathi kwalaba bobabili. Ubuye walandisa ngokukhohlisa kukaPoe ngezikhathi zasemini, izinganekwane zakhe eziqanjiwe zokuhambela eSpain naseFrance, ama-duels akhe, ama-adventures akhe. UNkk Shew ubabaze ubuhlakani buka-Edgar futhi wayihlonipha kakhulu le ndoda. (…) ”.
- Isandulela sika-Ernesto Sábato to Ngeke kusaba njalo, Incwadi Yekhomishini Kazwelonke Ngokunyamalala Kwabantu (I-Conadep)
“Ngokudabuka, nangobuhlungu, sifeze umsebenzi ebesiwunikwe ngaleso sikhathi nguMongameli woMthethosisekelo waseRiphabhulikhi. Lowo msebenzi wawunzima kakhulu, ngoba kwakudingeka sihlanganise iphazili elimnyama, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yemicimbi, lapho yonke imikhondo isuswe ngamabomu, yonke imibhalo ishile futhi izakhiwo zadilizwa. Kudingeke ukuthi sisekele thina, ngakho-ke, kwizikhalazo zamalungu omndeni, ezitatimendeni zalabo abakwazi ukuphuma esihogweni ngisho nakubufakazi babacindezeli abathi ngezizathu ezingacacile basondela kithi ukusho abakwaziyo… ) ”.
- Isandulelo sikaGabriel García Márquez kuHabla Fide, nguGianni Mina
“Zimbili izinto ezidonse ukunaka kithina ebesiqala ngqa ukuzwa uFidel Castro. Eyokuqala kwakungamandla akhe amabi okukhohlisa. Okunye kwakuwukuthamba kwezwi lakhe. Izwi elihoshozelayo ebelibonakala liphefumula ngezinye izikhathi. Udokotela owayemlalele wenza incwadi emangazayo mayelana nalokho kulahleka, futhi waphetha ngokuthi noma ngaphandle kwezinkulumo zama-Amazonia ezinjengalezo zangalolo suku, uFidel Castro wagwetshwa ukuba angabi nezwi eminyakeni emihlanu. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, ngo-Agasti 1962, isibikezelo sabonakala sinikeza inhlabamkhosi yokuqala, lapho ethula ngemuva kokumemezela enkulumweni yakhe ukuthi izinkampani zaseNyakatho Melika zifakwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Kepha bekungukuhlukumezeka kwesikhashana okungazange kuphindwe (…) ”.
- Isandulelo sikaMario Vargas Llosa semisebenzi ephelele kaJulio Cortázar
"Umphumela we I-Hopscotch lapho ivela ngo-1963, ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi, kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba. Kususe ezisekelweni izinkolelo noma ubandlululo ababhali nabafundi ababenalo mayelana nezindlela neziphetho zobuciko bokuxoxa izindaba futhi kwandisa imingcele yalolo hlobo lwaba yimikhawulo engacabangeki. Sibonga u I-Hopscotch Sifunde ukuthi ukubhala kuyindlela enhle yokuzijabulisa, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlole izimfihlo zomhlaba nezolimi ngenkathi unesikhathi esimnandi, nokuthi ukudlala, ungaphenya imicu eyimpilo engaqondakali enqatshelwe kulwazi olunengqondo, ukuhlakanipha okunengqondo, ukujula kwesipiliyoni okungekho muntu ongabheka ngaphandle kwezingozi ezinkulu, njengokufa nobuhlanya. (…) ”.
Landela nge:
- Isingeniso, ifindo nomphumela
- Ama-monographs (imibhalo yokubuka umlando)
