Uhlu Lwesayensi Esizayo YeJografi - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zesayensi esizayo yeJografi

I-isayensi esizayo noma iziyalo ezisizayo yilezo okuthi, ngaphandle kokubhekana ngokugcwele nendawo ethile yokufunda, zixhunywe kuyo futhi zinikeze usizo, ngoba izicelo zazo okungenzeka zinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwendawo okufundwe kuyo.

Njengasendabeni yezinye isayensi yezenhlalo, ukufakwa kwamathuluzi ezindlela, zethiyori noma zenqubo endaweni yokutadisha ukuma kwezwe kuvumela ukunothiswa kwemibono yabo futhi, imvamisa, ukuvulwa kwemigqa yokufunda yamanoveli, ehlanganisa izinkambu zokuxhumana.

Isibonelo esicacile salokhu sakamuva kungaba yi I-Geopolitics, ukufakwa kolwazi lwezepolitiki nezepolitiki emkhakheni wejografi, ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wangaphakathi ngendlela yokuhlela nokumela umhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nesayensi yokuhlola ethembele kwabanye ukuthola ukunemba, i-geography ikwenzela ukukhulisa nokwenza umbono wabo ube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emhlabeni.

Izibonelo zesayensi esizayo yeJografi

Isayensi Yezombusazwe. Sesibonile ukuthi isikhathi sezepolitiki nesokuma kwezwe sikhiqiza kakhulu kangakanani kunalokho okubonakala, ngoba zombili lezi zinhlaka zivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-geopolitics: ukutadisha umhlaba ngokuya ngezimbazo zamandla ezikhona nendlela abalwela ngayo ukuthola ubukhulu phezu Okunye.
Umdwebo wobuchwepheshe. Lesi siyalo, esiseduze nobunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa noma ukwakheka kwemidwebo, sinendawo yaso phakathi kwamathuluzi asetshenziswa yijografi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni weCartography (ukwakhiwa kwemephu) nenhlangano yejometri yomhlaba owaziwayo (meridians, parallels njalo njalo).
Isayensi yezinkanyezi. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abahambi bebhekiswe emhlabeni wonke yizinkanyezi ezisemkhathini, okufakazela ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwesayensi ebafundayo kanye nejografi, ehlola indlela yethu yokumela umhlaba esiwuhambile. Akuyona into engavamile ukuthola izinkomba zesibhakabhaka embulungeni yonke, ngoba ukulunga kwezinkanyezi kwakuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukulandelela izifundo nokunikeza umuntu izixhumanisi, izinto namuhla ezenziwa kusuka kuma-meridians kanye nokufana.
Ezomnotho. Ukusuka empambanweni yomgwaqo phakathi kwejografi kanye nezomnotho, kuzalwa igatsha elibaluleke kakhulu: I-Economic Geography, intshisekelo yayo igxile ekusabalalisweni komhlaba wonke kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ezingeni leplanethi. Imvamisa leli gatsha liyasekelwa futhi ligcwaliswe, nalo, yi-geopolitics ngendlela ethe xaxa yomhlaba.
Umlando. Njengoba kuzocatshangelwa, indlela yomuntu yokumela umhlaba iye yehluka kakhulu ekuguqukeni kwamasiko akhe; kwanele ukukhumbula ukuthi kwakucatshangwa ngezikhathi zasendulo ukuthi umhlaba uyisicaba. Ukulandelana kwezikhathi zomlando kwalokhu kumelwa kuyindawo yokutadisha lapho kuhlangana khona uMlando neGeography.
Ezemvelo. Leli gatsha le-biology elikhethekile emhlabeni wezitshalo linikela ngolwazi oluningi ekuthakazelweni kwejografi ekubhaliseni nasekubhaliseni ama-biomes ahlukahlukene eplanethi, ngalinye libonakala ngohlaza lwendawo, njengamahlathi e-coniferous asenyakatho ye-hemisphere. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwemithi kuthathwa njengemithombo esetshenziswayo ngokuma kwezomnotho.
I-Zoology. Njenge-botany, igatsha le-biology elinikezelwe ezilwaneni liletha ukuqonda okudingekayo encazelweni yezwe, ikakhulukazi maqondana nama-biomes nezinkinga zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzalanisa nokondla, kanye nokuzingela nokudoba, kuyizinto ezithandekayo kwezomnotho wezwe.
I-Geology. Ezinikele ekutadisheni ukwakheka nobunjalo bamatshe oqweqwe lomhlaba, i-geology ihlinzeka ngokuma komhlaba ngolwazi oludingekayo ekuchazweni kwayo okuningiliziwe ngemihlabathi ehlukene, ukwakheka kwamadwala ahlukene kanye nezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali ezisebenzisekayo esifundeni ngasinye sendawo ethile.
Izibalo zabantu. Ukutadisha kwabantu kanye nezinqubo zabo zokufuduka nokugeleza kuyisayensi exhunyaniswe kakhulu nejografi: empeleni, bekungeke kube khona ngaphandle kwayo. Namuhla sekukhona, kanye ne-botany kanye ne-zoology, umthombo obalulekile wedatha ehumushekayo nengalinganiseka ukuqonda kangcono umbono wethu womhlaba.
Ubunjiniyela bePetroleum. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi izifundo zejografi, phakathi kokunye okuningi, indawo yezinsizakusebenza engasetshenziswa umuntu, njengoyili othandwayo, imvamisa ibambisana nobunjiniyela be-petroleum ukuyinikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe yamadiphozithi omhlaba bese yona ithola imininingwane maqondana nekhwalithi , ukwakheka nokunwetshwa okufanayo.
I-Hydrology. Leli yigama elinikezwe isayensi efunda imijikelezo yamanzi nezinhlobo zokugeleza kwamanzi, njengemifula noma amagagasi. Imininingwane enjalo ibalulekile ekumajografi, ngoba amanzi enza uphawu emhlabeni futhi ngenxa yalokho aguqula indlela esimelela ngayo.
I-Speleology. Le sayensi isebenzisana nocwaningo lokwakheka kwemihume yomhlaba nezimbobo ezingaphansi komhlaba, okuvame ukusho ukuthi kuyabukwa futhi kwenziwa amamephu: kulapho kanye lapho i-geography kanye nokuvula izindlela ezinqamula khona futhi kusebenzisana khona.
Ubunjiniyela bezindiza. Ithuba lokundiza linikeze i-geography yabantu umbono omusha futhi oyingqayizivele emhlabeni: umbono "onenhloso" wokubonakala kwamazwekazi kusuka kude, okwakumele intuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kwe-cartography. Nanamuhla, ikhono lokuthwebula kusuka esikhaleni noma ukundiza nge-drones enamakhamera linikeza amathuba egolide wale sayensi yezenhlalo.
Isimo Sezulu. Lokhu kungenye yezinto okuthiwa yiSayensi Yomhlaba ezibandakanyeke esifundweni sezimo zezulu nokwehluka kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yindawo esondelene kakhulu nezintshisekelo zejografi, yingakho ngezinye izikhathi kungahlukaniseki. Okubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi babelana ngolwazi ngemashi yomhlaba esemkhathini engakhathazi nje kuphela ilukuluku lendawo, kepha futhi inezicelo zezolimo, ezabantu, njll.
Ezenhlalo. Indlela yokuma kwendawo emiphakathini ekhona iyindawo yokuhlangana nezenhlalo, lapho zombili lezi zinkalo zinikezela ngemininingwane yezibalo, ukutolika nezinye izinhlobo zamathuluzi omqondo.
ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha. Cishe njengazo zonke izayensi zesimanje nemikhakha, i-geography nayo izuzile entuthukweni enkulu yezobuchwepheshe. Amamodeli wezibalo, isoftware ekhethekile, amasistimu wemininingwane ehlanganisiwe namanye amathuluzi kungenzeka ngenxa yokufakwa kwekhompyutha njengobuchwepheshe bomsebenzi.
Izincwadi. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yisayensi yemininingwane kunikeza ukusekelwa okubalulekile kwejografi, okugcina kwayo kungagcini izincwadi kuphela, kepha ama-atlasi, amamephu nezinye izinhlobo zemibhalo yezindawo ezidinga indlela ethile yokuhlukanisa.
IJiyomethri. Leli gatsha lezibalo elicwaninga ukwakheka kwendiza yejometri (imigqa, imigqa, amaphuzu kanye nezibalo) kanye nobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwabo, ngakho-ke umnikelo walo ubalulekile ekuhlukanisweni okucacile komhlaba kuma-hemispheres nasezindaweni zomhlaba, kanye nase ama-meridians nokufana. Ngenxa yemibono yakhe, kungenziwa izibalo ezibalulekile kanye nokuqagelwa kwezindawo.
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha. Ubudlelwano bokushintshana phakathi kokuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nejografi kuyaziwa kakhulu, ngoba okwedlule kudinga umbono wezindawo ukusondela emadolobheni, futhi ngokwenza njalo kunikeza ulwazi oluningi olwandisa ukuqonda kwezindawo ezisemadolobheni.
Izibalo. Ngokuqondene nabanye abaningi Isayensi yezenhlalo, izibalo zimelela ithuluzi eliyinhloko lomqondo wejografi, ngoba kungesona isayensi yokuhlola noma eqondile, kepha ichazayo futhi iyahumusha, imininingwane yamaphesenti nobudlelwano bayo isebenza njengesisekelo sezindlela zayo zokungena emhlabeni.