Umthetho Wezemvelo

-Delile

• Izibonelo zomthetho wemvelo

I-Umthetho wemvelo Ikona izimiso zokuziphatha nezomthetho ezisekela ubukhona bamalungelo athile ahambisana nesimo somuntu, okungukuthi, azalwa kanye nomuntu futhi angaphambi, aphakeme futhi azimele umthetho omuhle (okubhaliwe) nomthetho wesiko (inkambiso).

Lesi setha semikhuba sivelise isethi yezikole nabacabangi abaphendule egameni le umthetho wemvelo noma ubulungiswa bemvelo, nokuthi waqinisa ukucabanga kwakhe kulezi zakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Kukhona uhlaka olungaphezulu kwemithetho yemvelo maqondana nokuhle nokubi.
• Umuntu uyakwazi ukwazi lezi zimiso ngesizathu.
• Wonke amalungelo asekelwe ekuziphatheni.
• Noma yiluphi uhlelo oluhle lwezomthetho oluhluleka ukuqoqa nokujezisa izimiso ezithe azinakubhekwa njengokusebenza kohlaka lwezomthetho.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezimiso eziyinhloko, zokuziphatha zemvelo ezithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu njengesisekelo sanoma iluphi uhlaka lwezomthetho lomuntu. Ngokwalokhu, umthetho ophikisana nalezi zimiso zokuziphatha awukwazi ukulandela futhi, futhi, uzosebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlaka lwezomthetho oluyesekayo, kulokho okwakubizwa ngefomula kaRadbruch: "umthetho ongenabulungiswa ngokweqile akuwona umthetho weqiniso."

Ngakho-ke, umthetho wemvelo ayidingi ukuthi ibhalwe (njengomthetho omuhle), kepha uhambisana nesimo somuntu, ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa ubuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, ubulili noma isimo senhlalo. Umthetho wemvelo kufanele usebenze njengesisekelo sokuhumusha amanye amagatsha omthetho, ngoba ayizimiso zomthetho nezomthetho, hhayi nje ezokuziphatha, amasiko noma inkolo.

Izakhiwo zokuqala zesimanje zalo mbono zivela eSikoleni Salamanca futhi kamuva zathathwa futhi zaguqulwa kabusha ngabasosayensi bezinkontileka zomphakathi: UJean Jacques Rousseau, uThomas Hobbes noJohn Locke.

Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona iziqalo eziningi zomthetho wemvelo, imvamisa zazikhuthazwa yintando yaphezulu, noma kukhonjiswa kumuntu othile ongaphezu kwemvelo.

Izibonelo zomthetho wemvelo

Imithetho yaphezulu yasendulo. Emasikweni asendulo, kwakukhona iqoqo lemithetho yaphezulu eyayilawula amadoda, futhi okukhona kwayo okungangabazeki kwakungaphambi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo lwezomthetho noma ngisho nezinhlinzeko zabaphathi. Isibonelo, kwathiwa eGrisi yasendulo ukuthi uZeus wayevikela izithunywa futhi ngakho-ke akufanele bathweswe icala ngezindaba ezinhle noma ezimbi abazilethile..

Amalungelo ayisisekelo kaPlato. Bobabili uPlato no-Aristotle, izazi zefilosofi ezidumile zamaGrikhi zasendulo, bakholelwa futhi babeka phambili ubukhona bamalungelo amathathu ayisisekelo ayebalulekile kumuntu: ilungelo lokuphila, ilungelo lenkululeko kanye lelungelo lokucabanga. Lokhu akusho ukuthi eGrisi lasendulo kwakungekho ukubulala, ubugqila noma ukuvinjelwa, kepha kusho ukuthi ongqondongqondo basendulo babona isidingo semithetho ngaphambi kwanoma yimuphi umhlangano wabantu.

Imiyalo eyishumi yobuKristu. Ngokufana necala langaphambilini, le miyalo eyishumi okuthiwa yashiwo uNkulunkulu yaba yisisekelo sekhodi esemthethweni yabantu abangamaHeberu benkathi yobuKristu, kwase kuba yisisekelo senkambiso ebalulekile yomcabango waseNtshonalanga ngenxa yeNkathi Ephakathi yobuKhristu kanye nenkolo ezazinamandla eYurophu yangaleso sikhathi. Izono (ukwephulwa kwekhodi) zajeziswa kanzima ngabamele iSonto LamaKatolika (njenge-Inquisition Engcwele).

Amalungelo omuntu wonke. Amenyezelwa okokuqala ngqa ezinsukwini zokuqala koVukelo lwaseFrance, phakathi nokuvela kweRiphabhulikhi entsha ekhululekile ekubuseni umbuso wobukhosi, la malungelo ayeyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwanamuhla (Amalungelo Abantu) kanye Babecabanga ukulingana, ubuzalwane nenkululeko njengezimo ezingenakuqedwa zabo bonke abantu emhlabeni, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa imvelaphi yabo, isimo senhlalo, inkolo noma imicabango yezepolitiki.

Amalungelo esikhathi samanje. Amalungelo esintu angenakuphikwa we-contemporaneity ayisibonelo somthetho wemvelo, ngoba azalwa kanye nomuntu futhi ajwayelekile kubo bonke abantu, njengelungelo lempilo noma ubunikazi, ukusho isibonelo. Lawa malungelo awanakuchithwa noma ahoxiswe yinoma iyiphi inkantolo emhlabeni futhi angaphezulu kwanoma imuphi umthetho wanoma yiliphi izwe, futhi ukwephulwa kwawo kujeziswa umhlaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, njengoba kubhekwa njengamacala angalokothi anqume.