Amandla angaphakathi

-Delile

• Ukwahluka kwamandla angaphakathi
• Izibonelo zamandla angaphakathi
• Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla

I- amandla angaphakathiNgokuya ngeFirst Principle of Thermodynamics, kuyaqondakala njengalokho kuxhunyaniswa nokuhamba okungahleliwe kwezinhlayiya ngaphakathi kohlelo. Ihlukile emandleni a-odiwe wezinhlelo ezinkulu, ezihambisana nezinto ezihambayo, ngoba ibhekisa emandleni aqukethwe yizinto ezilinganisweni ezincane nezingqamuzana.

A) Yebo, into ingaphumula ngokuphelele futhi iswele amandla abonakalayo (ayinamandla noma i-kinetic), kepha ibe nge-abuzz ngama-molecule ahambayo, ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ngomzuzwana. Eqinisweni, lawa ma-molecule azobe ehehana futhi ephikisana ngokuya ngezimo zawo zamakhemikhali nezinto ezincane kakhulu, noma kungekho ukunyakaza okubonakalayo esweni.

Amandla angaphakathi abhekwa njengobubanzi obuningi, okungukuthi, obuhlobene nenani lezinto kuhlelo olunikezwe izinhlayiya. Ngemuva kwalokho yakhiwa zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamandla kagesi, kinetic, amakhemikhali kanye namandla aqukethwe kuma-athomu ento ethile.

Lolu hlobo lwamandla luvame ukumelwa yisibonakaliso NOMA.

Ukwahluka kwamandla angaphakathi

I- amandla angaphakathi wezinhlayiyana izinhlelo zingahluka, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zikuphi endaweni noma ukwakheka okutholwayo (esimweni seziphuzo kanye namagesi). Isibonelo, lapho wethula ukushisa kusistimu evaliwe yezinhlayiya, kufakwa amandla okushisa azothinta amandla angaphakathi awo wonke.

Noma kunjalo, amandla angaphakathi aumsebenzi wesimo, okungukuthi, akubheki ukwahluka okuxhuma izifunda ezimbili zendaba, kepha kuya esimweni sokuqala nesokugcina. Yingakho ukubalwa kokwehluka kwamandla angaphakathi kumjikelezo onikeziwe kuzohlala kungunothingesimo sokuqala nesimo sokugcina sinye futhi siyafana.

Ukwakheka kokubala lokhu kwehluka kuyilezi:

=U = U_B - NOMA_TO, lapho uhlelo selusuke khona kusifundazwe A laya ku-B.

ΔU = -W, ezimweni lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi omningi W, okuholela ekwandeni kohlelo nasekunciphiseni kwamandla alo angaphakathi.

=U = Q, ezimeni lapho sifaka khona amandla okushisa akhulisa amandla angaphakathi.

=U = 0, ezimweni zokuguquka okujikelezayo kwamandla angaphakathi.

Wonke lawa macala namanye angafingqwa kwisibalo esichaza i-Principle of Conservation of Energy kuhlelo:

=U = Q + W

Izibonelo zamandla angaphakathi

1. Amabhethri. Umzimba wamabhethri akhokhisiwe uqukethe amandla wangaphakathi asebenzisekayo, ngenxa ye- ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-asidi nezinsimbi ezisindayo ngaphakathi. Amandla wangaphakathi athe azokuba maningi lapho umthwalo wawo kagesi usuphelile futhi uzoncipha uma usudliwe, yize esimweni samabhethri angavuselelekayo la mandla angangezelelwa futhi ngokwethula ugesi ophuma esitolo.
2. Amagesi acindezelwe. Uma ucabanga ukuthi amagesi avamise ukuthatha inani eliphelele lesiqukathi aqukethwe kulo, ngoba amandla awo angaphakathi azohluka njengoba lesi sikhala sikhulu futhi sizokwanda uma sincane. Ngakho-ke, igesi esakazeke egumbini inamandla amancane angaphakathi kunalapho siyicindezela oyisilinda, ngoba izinhlayiya zayo zizophoqeleka ukuba zisebenzisane kakhulu.
3. Khulisa izinga lokushisa lendaba. Uma sikhuphula izinga lokushisa, isibonelo, igremu lamanzi kanye no-gram wethusi, womabili ngokushisa okungu-0 ° C, sizobona ukuthi yize iyinto efanayo, iqhwa lizodinga inani elikhulu amandla aphelele ukufinyelela izinga lokushisa olifunayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukushisa kwayo okukhethekile kuphakeme, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya zayo azimukeli kakhulu amandla afakiwe kunalawo wethusi, okufaka ukushisa kancane kakhulu emandleni ayo angaphakathi.
4. Nyakazisa uketshezi. Uma sichitha ushukela noma usawoti emanzini, noma sithuthukisa imixube efanayo, imvamisa sinyakazisa uketshezi ngensimbi yokukhuthaza ukuncibilika okukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kwamandla angaphakathi wohlelo olukhiqizwe ngokwethulwa kwalelo nani lomsebenzi (W) elinikezwe isenzo sethu, esivumela ukuphinda kusebenze kwamakhemikhali okukhulu phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezithintekayo.
5. Intuthuwamanzi. Lapho amanzi ebilisiwe, sizobona ukuthi umusi unamandla angaphezulu angaphezulu kunamanzi angamanzi asesitsheni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, yize kufana ama-molecule (i-compound ayikashintshi), ukwenza uguquko lomzimba sengeze inani elithile lamandla wekhalori (Q) emanzini, senza ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezinhlayiya zawo.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla