Izibonelo Zendaba - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: Welule isandla umnyango wezasekhaya

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Izinhlobo zezindaba
Izibonelo zezindaba

I- indaba Yindatshana emfushane, enabalingiswa abambalwa futhi enesakhiwo esisodwa esingasuselwa emicimbini yangempela noma eqanjiwe. Ngokwesibonelo: Ukuqhubeka kwamapaki (UJulio Cortazar), Inhliziyo Yokutshela (Edgar Allan Poe) kanye I-Pinocchio (UCarlo Collodi).

Lezi zindaba zinesakhiwo esilula, lapho abalingiswa babamba iqhaza esenzweni esisodwa esimaphakathi. Izikhala nazo zikhawulelwe: imicimbi ivame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezingekho kweyodwa noma ezimbili.

Njenganoma imuphi umbhalo wokulandisa, indaba ihlelwe izingxenye ezintathu:

Isingeniso. Kungukuqala kwendaba, lapho kwethulwa khona abalingiswa nezinhloso zabo, ngaphezu "kokujwayelekile" kwendaba, okuzoshintshwa kufindo.
Knot. Ukungqubuzana okuphazamisa okwejwayelekile kwethulwe futhi kwenzeka imicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu.
Umphumela. Umvuthwandaba nokuxazululwa kwengxabano kwenzeka.

Bheka futhi: Umbhalo wezincwadi

Izinhlobo zezindaba

Izinganekwane ezimangalisayo. Abalingiswa ababamba iqhaza esakhiweni banezimfanelo ezinhle. Isibonelo: ama-fairies, abathakathi, amakhosazana, imikhovu, ama-gnomes, ama-elves. Imicimbi yomlingo nemnandi iyona evelele. Imvamisa zenzelwe izingane. Ngokwesibonelo: IHood Red Riding Hood, iPinocchio, iLittle Mermaid.
Izinganekwane ezinhle. Kulezi zindaba, kulandiswa izenzo ezejwayelekile nezansuku zonke eziphazanyiswa ngokungazelelwe yinto engaqondakali ephula imithetho yemvelo. Kubalingiswa, awukho umehluko phakathi kokungenzeka nokungakwazi ukwenzeka. Lokho wukuthi, okuhle kumnandi kubonakala kungokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo: I-Aleph, Isihlalo Sezimpaphe.
Izinganekwane ezingokoqobo. Basebenzisa izinto zempilo yemvelo, ngakho-ke izindaba zabo zithembekile, zingenzeka emhlabeni wangempela. Akubandakanyi imicimbi yemilingo noma emnandi, kanye nezinhlamvu ezingaphuma eqinisweni (njengabathakathi, imimoya noma izipoki). Indawo yayo yesikhashana neyendawo ivame ukuthathwa empilweni yangempela, enikeza indaba ubuqiniso obuthe xaxa. Ngokwesibonelo: Unogwaja, Isilaha.
Izindaba ezethusayo. Inhloso yawo ukudala ukwesaba noma ukukhathazeka kubafundi, futhi lokhu kutholakala ngokwakha umoya othize noma ngokuxoxa indaba ethusayo. Ezinye izingqikithi ezitholakala kulolu hlobo lwezindaba ubugebengu obusabekayo, izipoki noma izindlu eziqalekisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo: Ikati elimnyama, Isiginali.
Izinganekwane zabaseshi. Indaba izungeza ubugebengu kanye nokuthungathwa kwesigebengu salo. Ukulandisa kugxile ekutsheleni imininingwane yezinqubo lapho amaphoyisa noma umphenyi akwazi ukuthola isigebengu futhi aqonde isizathu sobugebengu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindaba zabaseshi:

- Okwakudala. Umphenyi uphethe ukucacisa imfihlakalo okuthi, ekuqaleni, kubonakale kungenakwenzeka ukuxazulula. Ukwenza lokhu, usebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo nokubheka imininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo: Incwadi eyebiwe.
- Abamnyama. Abalingiswa bayinkimbinkimbi ukwedlula amaphoyisa akudala futhi umehluko phakathi kwamaqhawe nezikhohlakali awucaci kangako. Ngokwesibonelo: Isithunzi ebusuku.

Izibonelo zezindaba

ISIMANGALISO

iRiding Hood ebomvu. Umbhali waseFrance uCharles Perrault wayengowokuqala ukubhala le ndaba edluliselwa ngomlomo. Ixoxa ngendaba yentombazane, ngokucela kukanina, eletha ubhasikidi kugogo wayo, ohlala ehlathini futhi ogulayo. Endleleni, intombazane ikhohliswe yimpisi enkulu embi. Ngenxa yomgawuli wemithi obedlula ngendlela, le ndaba iphetha ngesiphetho esihle.
I-Pinocchio. Umbhali wayo nguCarlo Collodi. Indaba yashicilelwa ephephandabeni lase-Italy IGiornale nge-bambini ngayinye phakathi konyaka we-1882 nowe-1883. Umlingiswa ophambili ungunodoli wokhuni oba ngumfana wangempela, njengoba umbazi wakhe, uGeppetto, ayefisa. Isifiso sinikezwa yi-Blue Fairy, kepha nge-caveat: ukuze upopayi abe ngumfana wangempela, kumele akhombise ukuthi uyalalela, unomusa, uyaphana futhi uqotho. UPepito Grillo, oba yizwi likanembeza wakhe, uzodlala indima enkulu ekufezeni lokhu.
IMermaid encane. Ibhalwe imbongi yaseDenmark uHans Christian Andersen, le ndaba yashicilelwa ngo-1937. Ixoxa indaba yenkosazana esencane egama layo lingu-Ariel, njengesipho sosuku lokuzalwa, ezilungiselela ukufeza iphupho lakhe: ukwazi umhlaba wabantu.

IZIMPAHLA ZOKUFAKAZA

I-Aleph. Yayibhalwe nguJorge Luis Borges futhi yashicilelwa okokuqala kumagazini ENingizimu ngo-1945 futhi kamuva, yaba yingxenye yencwadi enegama elifanayo. I-protagonist yendaba - enegama elifanayo nombhali wayo, ukwenza imingcele phakathi kweqiniso nenganekwane ifiphaze nakakhulu - kuzodingeka abhekane nokulahlekelwa okubuhlungu kukaBeatriz Viterbo. Njalo ngosuku lokukhumbula ukufa kwakhe, njengoba kwakuthenjisiwe, vakashela indlu ayehlala kuyo waze washona. Lapho usungula ubudlelwano nomzala kaBeatriz, uDaneri, omkhombisa inkondlo ebanzi yokubhala kwakhe futhi azame ukuyethula.
Umcamelo wophaphe. Le ndaba yabhalwa yi-Uruguay Horacio Quiroga, futhi yafakwa kuyo Izinganekwane zothando, ukuhlanya nokufa, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1917. U-Alicia uqala ukuphathwa yisifo esiyinqaba, okuthi, njengoba izinsuku zihamba, ashiye umbhede wakhe. Udokotela uzama ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukumelapha, kodwa angaphumeleli. Ngelinye ilanga, ngenkathi incekukazi yenza umbhede wenkosikazi yayo, yathola amabala egazi emqamelweni. Ngokushesha, utshela uJordán, umyeni ka-Alicia, futhi bobabili bathola ukuthi phakathi kwezimpaphe zomcamelo kwakukhona isilwane esifihlekile esasibangele ukufa kuka-Alicia: samunca igazi ekhanda lakhe.

IZIMPAHLA ZAMAPHOYISA ZANGAPHAMBILI

Incwadi eyebiwe. Ibhalwe ngu-Edgar Allan Poe, lo msebenzi usethwe eParis ngawo-1800. Ungqongqoshe untshontsha incwadi evela kumuntu onegunya ukuyigcina isemseni wakhe. Amaphoyisa ahamba ngemilimitha yendlu yakhe ngemilimitha engenayo inhlanhla bese eyofuna uDupin okuthi, ngemuva kokuvakashela isela, athole ukuthi ikuphi le ncwadi, bese eyifaka esikhundleni samanga, ukuze ungqongqoshe akholelwe ukuthi uyaqhubeka nokuba namandla .

IZIMPAHLA ZAMAPHOYISA EMNYAMA

Isithunzi ebusuku. Umbhali wale ndaba obekwe e-United States ngawo-1920 nguDashiell Hammett. Ngochungechunge lwabalingiswa, le ndaba idlulisa ukuthi leyo minyaka yaphawulwa kanjani nge-Prohibition, izigelekeqe nokwehlukaniswa ngokohlanga.

IZINDABA EZIYIQINISO

Unogwaja. Umbhali wayo ngu-Abelardo Castillo. Le ndaba emfushane ithatha isimo se-monologue futhi i-protagonist yayo ngumfana otshela ithoyizi lakhe, unogwaja, isizungu ahlangabezana naso emhlabeni wabantu abadala, lapho aphathwa khona njengento.
Isilaha. Yashicilelwa eminyakeni engama-20 ngemuva kokushona kombhali wayo, u-Esteban Echeverría, ngo-1871. E-Buenos Aires ephethwe yi-Rosas, i- "El Restaurador", lo msebenzi udlulisa ukuphikisana okunodlame okwakukhona phakathi kwabasebenzi be-Unitarians kanye ne-Federalists nokuthi abokugcina bazivumela kanjani kuthathwe ngubuqaba.

IZINDABA ZOKUSABISA

Ikati elimnyama. Yabhalwa ngu-American Edgar Allan Poe futhi yaqala ukushicilelwa ephephandabeni NgoMgqibelo kusihlwa, ngo-Agasti 1843. Likhuluma ngendaba yombhangqwana oshadile ophila impilo ejwayelekile nekati lawo. Ngolunye usuku oluhle, le ndoda yawela otshwaleni futhi, ngenxa yentukuthelo, yabulala lesi silwane. Konke kuyashesha lapho kuvela ikati elisha endaweni yesehlakalo bese kufinyelela umvuthwandaba nge-deouement esabekayo.
Umgcini. Yabhalwa nguCharles Dickens futhi yashicilelwa kumagazini wezincwadi Unyaka wonke, ngo-1866. Ikhuluma ngendaba yesipoki esivela ngokungathi shu kojantshi bezitimela futhi njalo sikwenza ngezindaba ezimbi. Njalo lapho evela, umqaphi uyazi ukuthi ukufa kuyeza.