Umlobi:
Laura McKinney
Usuku Lokudalwa:
1 Epreli 2021
Ukuvuselela Usuku:
16 Mhlawumbe 2024
-Delile
I- maya kwakuyimpucuko yangaphambi kweSpanishi yaseMesoamerican eyayikhona kusukela eminyakeni engama-2000 ngaphambi kukaKristu kuze kube cishe ngo-1697, ehlala endaweni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMexico nasenyakatho yeMelika Ephakathi: yonke iNhlonhlo Yucatan, lonke iGuatemala neBelize, kanye nengxenye yeHonduras nase-El Salvador.
Ukuba khona kwayo phakathi kwamasiko aboMdabu baseMelika kwaqokonyiswa ngenxa yezinhlelo zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezithuthukile, ezazifaka izindlela zokubhala ze-glyphic (okuwukuphela kohlelo lokubhala oluthuthukiswe ngokuphelele, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyo yonke i-pre-Columbian America), yobuciko nobuciko bokwakha, bezibalo (babe ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa i-zero ngokuphelele) nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi.
Idolobha elikhulu laseMayan likhombise amakhono abalulekile wokwakha yize lakhula ngaphandle kokuklanywa kwangaphambili, ezungeze isikhungo semikhosi ebesisebenza njenge-eksisi yabo. Zazixhunywe komunye nomunye ngamanethiwekhi wokuhweba, okwathi emakhulwini eminyaka adala izimbangi zezombusazwe eziphikisanayo ezaholela ezimpini eziningi.
Ubukhosi bobukhosi nobenzalamizi babenzeka emasikweni abo, kanye nasemihlatshelweni yabantu, ukumisa izidumbu emidlalweni yebhola. Babenohlelo lwabo lwekhalenda, olusagcinwa nanamuhla. Futhi yize babethambekele ekuqopheni umlando wabo futhi babhale phansi amasiko abo, iningi lamasiko abo selilahlekile ngokungenakuphikiswa ngenxa yesihluku sokunqotshwa kweSpain.
Noma kunjalo, imikhondo yangaleso sikhathi yezilimi zamaMaya nezinhlobo zazo zobuciko kusele emiphakathini eminingi yaseGatemala naseChiapas, eMexico.
Umlando wempucuko yamaMaya
Umlando wamaMaya ufundwa ngokususelwa ezinkathini ezine eziyinhloko, okungukuthi:
- Isikhathi se-Preclassic (2000 BC-250 AD). Lesi sikhathi sokuqala senzeka kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sakudala, lapho amaMeya asungula futhi athuthukisa ezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela aletha impucuko efanele. Lesi sikhathi sihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezingaphansi: i-Early Preclassic (2000-1000 BC), i-Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BC) neLate Preclassic (350 BC-250 AD), yize ukunemba kwalezi zikhathi kungabazeka. ongoti abaningi.
- Isikhathi esijwayelekile (250 AD-950 AD). Isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwesiko lamaMaya, lapho amadolobha amakhulu eMayan achuma khona futhi kwavezwa isiko elinamandla lobuciko nobuhlakani. Kube nokuhlukaniswa kwezepolitiki emadolobheni aseTikal naseCalakmul, okwagcina kuholele ekuweni kwezepolitiki nasekushiyeni amadolobha, kanye nasekupheleni kwamakhosi amaningi kanye nokugqugquzela abasenyakatho. Lesi sikhathi sihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezingaphansi: i-Early Classic (250-550 AD), iLate Classic (550-830 AD) neTheminali Classic (830-950 AD).
- Isikhathi se-Postclassic (950-1539 AD). Ihlukaniswe yaba yi-postclassic yokuqala (950-1200 AD) kanye ne-postclassic esekupheleni (1200-1539 AD), lesi sikhathi sibonakala ngokuwa kwamadolobha amakhulu eMayan kanye nokwehla kwenkolo yawo, okwenza kube nokuvela okusha izindawo ezisemadolobheni eziseduze nogu nemithombo yamanzi, kulimaza izindawo eziphakeme. Le mizi emisha yayihlelwe izungeze umkhandlu ojwayelekile noma omncane, yize ngesikhathi sokuthintana kokuqala neSpanishi ngo-1511, kwakuyisifundazwe sezifundazwe ezinamasiko afanayo kepha ukuhleleka okwehlukile kwezombusazwe.
- Isikhathi sokuxhumana nokunqoba kweSpain (1511-1697 AD). Lesi sikhathi sokungqubuzana phakathi kwabahlaseli baseYurophu namasiko aseMayan sanda ezimpini eziningi nasekunqobeni amadolobha ale mpucuko, enziwa buthaka yizingxabano zangaphakathi nokufuduswa kwabantu emadolobheni. Ngemuva kokuwa kwama-Aztec kanye nombuso wamaQuiché, amaMaya anqotshwa futhi aqothulwa ngabanqobi, ashiya umkhondo namasiko abo. Idolobha lokugcina elizimele laseMayan, iNojpetén, lawela kubaphathi baseMartín de Urzúa ngo-1697.
Izikhungo eziyinhloko zemikhosi yaseMeya
- I-Tikal. Esinye sezikhungo ezisemadolobheni ezinkulu nezinkulu zempucuko yamaMaya, namuhla esesiyindawo eyisisekelo yemivubukulo yezifundiswa zaleli siko namagugu esintu kusukela ngo-1979. imibuso enamandla kakhulu eMayan, ngokungafani nobukhosi obenhlokodolobha yabo kwakunguCalakmul. Kungenzeka kube idolobha laseMayan elifundwa futhi liqondwe kakhulu emhlabeni.
- I-Copan. Etholakala entshonalanga yeHonduras emnyangweni wegama elifanayo, amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka emngceleni neGuatemala, lesi sikhungo somkhosi waseMayan kwake kwaba inhlokodolobha yombuso onamandla wesikhathi seClassic Mayan. Igama lakhe lamaMaya kwakungu-Oxwitik futhi ukuwa kwakhe kwaklanywa ekwindla kweNkosi u-Uaxaclajuun Ub’ahh K’awiil phambi kweNkosi yaseQuiriguá. Ingxenye yendawo yokuvubukula yacekelwa phansi nguMfula iCopán, yingakho ngo-1980 amanzi achezukiswa ukuvikela indawo, yamenyezelwa njenge-World Heritage Site ngawo lowo nyaka yi-UNESCO.
- I-Palenque. Ibizwa ngolimi lwesiMaya ‘iBaak’, yayisendaweni manje eyiMasipala waseChiapas, eMexico, eduze noMfula i-Usumancita. Kwakungumuzi waseMayan osayizi ophakathi nendawo, kepha owaziwa ngefa lawo lobuciko nokwakhiwa, okuhlala kuze kube namuhla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yizi-2% kuphela zendawo yedolobha lasendulo ezaziwayo, nokuthi enye ingxenye imbozwe yihlathi. Yamenyezelwa njengeGugu Lomhlaba ngo-1987 futhi namuhla iyindawo ebalulekile yemivubukulo.
- Izamal. Igama lakhe leMayan, I-Itzmal, lisho ukuthi "amazolo avela esibhakabhakeni", futhi namuhla kuyidolobha laseMexico lapho amasiko amathathu omlando esifundeni ahlangana khona: i-pre-Columbian, colonial kanye neMexico yanamuhla. Yingakho yaziwa ngokuthi "Idolobha lamasiko amathathu". Kutholakala cishe ngama-60km ukusuka eChichen-itzá, ezindaweni ezizungezile kunemipiramidi emihlanu yamaMayan.
- Dzibilchaltún. Leli gama leMayan lihumusha "indawo lapho kubhalwe khona itshe" futhi lichaza isikhungo semikhosi yasendulo yamaMaya, namuhla indawo yokuvubukula, esendaweni eyiNational Park eduze nedolobha laseMexico iMérida. IXlacah cenote itholakala lapho, ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni futhi enikeze amaMaya amamitha angama-40 okujula kwamanzi; kanye nethempeli lamaDoli Ayisikhombisa, lapho okutholwe khona imifanekiso eyisikhombisa yobumba kaMayan kanye nezinto eziningi zesikhathi.
- Sayil. Kutholakala eSifundazweni SaseYucatán, eMexico, lesi sikhungo sasendulo seMayan elite yezolimo sasungulwa cishe ngo-800 AD, ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi seClassic. Izinsalela zesigodlo saseSayil zihlala, kanye nePyramid yeChaac II nenye indawo eyi-3.5 km yendawo yokuvubukula.
- Ek Balam. Futhi etholakala eYucatán, eMexico, igama lalo lisho ukuthi “i-jaguar emnyama” ngoMayan futhi selokhu lasungulwa ngo-300 BC. yayizoba inhlokodolobha ecebe kakhulu esifundeni esinabantu abaningi, igama laso lesiMayan elalithi ‘Talol’, kodwa lalisungulwe ngokwemibhalo ka-Éek’Báalam noma uCoch CalBalam. Ifaka izakhiwo ezingama-45 kusukela kuleso sikhathi, kufaka phakathi i-acropolis, ibhilidi eliyindilinga, inkundla yebhola, amaphiramidi amabili angamawele kanye ne-arch esangweni.
- Kabah. Kusuka "esandleni esinzima" seMayan, iKabah yayiyisikhungo esibalulekile semikhosi ogama lakhe liyakhulunywa emibhalweni kaMayan. Yaziwa nangokuthi iKabahuacan noma "iRoyal Serpent esandleni." Ngendawo eyi-1.2 km2Le ndawo yokuvubukula eYucatan, eMexico, yashiywa ngamaMayan (noma okungenani akuzange kwenziwe ezinye izikhungo zemikhosi kuyo) emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpain. Indlela yabahamba ngezinyawo eyi-18 km ubude no-5 m ububanzi ixhuma isiza nedolobha lase-Uxmal.
- Uxmal. Idolobha laseMayan lesikhathi sakudala futhi namuhla lingenye yezindawo ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvubukula zalesi siko, kanye neTikal neChichen-itzá. Kutholakala eYucatán, eMexico, kunezakhiwo zesitayela sePuuc, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zamaMaya nobuciko benkolo, njengamaski kankulunkulu uChaac (wemvula) nobufakazi besiko lamaNahua, njengezithombe zeQuetzalcoátl. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iPhiramidi leMilingo, elinamazinga amahlanu, neSigodlo Sombusi esinobuso obudlula i-1200m2.
- I-Chichen-Itza. Igama layo ngesiMayan lihumusha “umlomo womthombo” futhi ingesinye sezindawo eziyinhloko zokuvubukula isiko lamaMaya, eliseYucatan, eMexico. Kunezibonelo zokwakhiwa okuhle ngamathempeli amakhulu, njengeKukulcán, ukumelwa kweMeya kukaQuetzalcoátl, unkulunkulu wamaToltec. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi yayihlalwa ngabantu abehlukene kuyo yonke iminyaka, yize izakhiwo zayo zivela esikhathini esedlule saseMaya Classic. Ngo-1988 kwamenyezelwa njengefa lamasiko esintu kwathi ngo-2007 ithempeli laseKukulcán langena kwiNew Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
