-Delile
Ezilimini eziningi, amayunithi aphansi okuxhumana ngokusemqoka ngamafonimu: imisindo emelwe ngokubhalwa ngama-graphemes noma ngezinhlamvu.
Izinhlobo zezinhlamvu
Ngokwendlela umlomo okufanele uhanjiswe ngayo ukukhiqiza imisindo enjalo (esisebenzisa ngayo ulimi, amazinyo nezindebe), ngolimi lwaseSpain izinhlamvu sezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- Ongwaqa. Yimisindo ekhiqizwa ngomlomo uvaliwe, futhi ikhiqiza ukuphazamiseka okuphelele noma okuyingxenye kokugeleza komoya, kuhlanganisa ukunyakaza okuthile kolimi, izindebe namazinyo angaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo: t, b, g.
- Onkamisa. Yimisindo ekhiqizwayo lapho umlomo usebenza njengebhokisi lokuzwakalisa lokho okukhishwa yimisipha yezwi. Ingabe: a e i o u.
Isiyalo esifundisisa ngokuningiliziwe ukuphinyiswa kongwaqa (kanye namafonimoni ngokujwayelekile) sibizwa ngokuthi ifonology.
Ngokusho kwephuzu nemodi yokucacisa, kanye nokwenziwa kolwanga oluthambile nokungenelela kwezintambo zezwi, ongwaqa bahlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana (ukuhlangana, izitobhi, ukudlidliza, amakhala, njll.).
- Ingakusiza: Imvumelwano yongwaqa
Lapha ongwaqa bahlelwe nezibonelo, zihlelwe ngokwe-alfabhethi nangamagama azifaka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
- B. Ngokwesibonelo: barbkuya, banana, ukuzebisizathu.
- C. Ngokwesibonelo: cwahamba, empacar, pocnoma.
- D. Ngokwesibonelo: domingo, dfuthidnoma, ukuzedusale kahle
- F. Ngokwesibonelo: Fukunweba, Fkulula, ukuzeFiche.
- G. Ngokwesibonelo: galpongua, gisiko.
- UH. Ngokwesibonelo: hbeka phansi ucingo, hcwilahmanje.
- UJ. Ngokwesibonelo: jueves, agujero, jumlilo.
- K. Ngokwesibonelo: koala, kI lo, ki-illometer.
- UL. Ngokwesibonelo: l-khanyayo, llamp, ukuzelguien.
- UM. Ngokwesibonelo: mar, moto, ukuzemigo.
- N. Ngokwesibonelo: novedad, nacer, ukuzenlwesishiyagalombili.
- P. Ngokwesibonelo: kisada, kastoklastar.
- Q. Ngokwesibonelo: iniuitar, iniuerer, ukuzeinikhononda.
- R. Ngokwesibonelo: receta, ukuzerco hlabelelar.
- S. Ngokwesibonelo: skhuluma kusphuma, ulales.
- UT. Ngokwesibonelo: tukuphuka, ti-ornillo, gatnoma.
- V. Ngokwesibonelo: vNgizwa, vendervion.
- X. Ngokwesibonelo: xI-Enophobia, futhixintukuthelo, yenaxito.
- FUTHI. Ngokwesibonelo: futhierba, ukuzefuthier, futhiuku.
- Z. Ngokwesibonelo: zigolide, zakanakizul.
Izici zongwaqa
Kukhulunywa izilimi eziningi ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni, kanti ezinye zazo zisebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama ezifanayo. Izinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eNtshonalanga ngesiLatini. Lezi zinhlamvu zinezinhlaka noma izinhlamvu zamagama ezingama-27, kuzo ezingama-22 ongwaqa kanti aba-5 ngonkamisa.
Kunokwehluka okuningana ekuphinyisweni kwabanye ongwaqa nemibhalo yokuloba eLatin America, bese kuba khona umehluko uma kuqhathaniswa neSpain.
Ubunyoninco bongwaqa bumqoka emikhakheni yobuhle yobuciko obususelwe egameni, njengezinkondlo noma umculo oculwa.
Kulezi zimo kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amagama anomsindo ongaphakeme wokubiza amagama, afaka phakathi imisindo efana naleyo ye- p, f noma r, imvamisa iba namandla amakhulu okuveza kunezinye ezinomsindo ontekenteke. Kodwa-ke, onkamisa nabo bayizinto ezisenkondlweni, njengoba imilolotelo ifakazela.
Phambilini, izinhlanganisela ezimbili zongwaqa zazifakiwe kanjalo kwizichazamazwi ngoba zakha umsindo ohlukile kunalowo nalowo wazo ngokwehlukana. Lezo zinhlanganisela ezimbili kwakungu: "ch" no "ll", ama-graphemes namuhla aziwa ngokuthi 'ama-digraphs' futhi awafakiwe kwizichazamazwi.
Oongwaqa ngamunye unomsindo wawo, ngaphandle kwencwadi h, engenawo umsindo (yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi "incwadi ethule"). Awukho umthetho ohleliwe wokwazi ukuthi imaphi amagama h futhi yiziphi ezingekho, noma zikusiphi isikhundla (okuvame kakhulu okokuqala).
Omunye ungwaqa okhetheke kakhulu ngu futhi (ebizwa ngokuthi "Greek i" noma "ye"). Lo ngwaqa unemisindo emibili engahle ibe khona: omunye ulingana no-‘i ’(okungukuthi, unkamisa) nomunye ongwaqa, into efana naleyo yemigqa efana ne-‘ll’ noma i-‘sh ’.
Uma kusekupheleni kwegama, liphinyiselwa njenge-semivowel (isibonelo: umthetho).
