U-Isaac Newton (1642-1727) wayengusosayensi waseBrithani, isazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi esenza iminikelo emihle kwezesayensi. Ubhekwa njengenye yezazi ezinkulu emlandweni wezwe.
UNewton wenza kahle emkhakheni we-physics, mathematics, optics, ne-astronomy. Ukutholwa kwakhe kuguqule indlela yokwazi nokuqonda indawo yonke. Phakathi kokutholakele okuyinhloko kukhona: imithetho yokunyakaza, umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo yonke kanye nombono wombala.
UNewton wayeyingxenye yenguquko yesayensi eyaqala nge-Renaissance ngezifundo kanye nokutholwa kwesazi sezinkanyezi uNicolás Copernicus. Lokhu kwaqhubeka nokuvela kwayo ngeminikelo kaJohannes Kepler, uGalileo Galilei; bese kuba u-Isaac Newton. Ngekhulu lama-20, u-Albert Einstein wathatha imibono yakhe eminingi ukuze athuthukise ukutholwa okukhulu.
- Kungakusiza: Izinguquko zesayensi
- Imithetho yokunyakaza kaNewton
Imithetho yokunyakaza yenziwa ngu-Isaac Newton emsebenzini wakhe: I-Philosophiæ naturalis Principia mathematica (1687). Le mithetho yabeka izisekelo zokuqonda okuguqukayo kwemishini yakudala, igatsha le-physics elifunda ngokuziphatha kwezidumbu lapho liphumule noma lihamba ngesivinini esiphansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nejubane lokukhanya).
Imithetho ichaza ukuthi noma yisiphi isiphakamiso somzimba sincike emithethweni emithathu emikhulu:
- Umthetho wokuqala: Umthetho we-inertia. Wonke umzimba uhlala usesimweni sawo sokuphumula ngaphandle kwalapho kunamandla athile awucindezelayo. Ngokwesibonelo: Uma imoto imiswa injini icishiwe, izohlala imisiwe ngaphandle kokuthi kukhona okuyihambisayo.
- Umthetho wesibili: Isisekelo esiyisisekelo se-dynamics. Amandla akhishwa emzimbeni alingana nokushesha okuzoba nakho. Ngokwesibonelo: Uma umuntu ekhahlela ibhola, ibhola lizoqhubekela phambili amandla amaningi asetshenziselwa ukukhahlela.
- Umthetho wesithathu: Umthetho wesenzo nokuphendula. Lapho amandla athile etholakala entweni ethile (ngokunyakaza noma ngaphandle kokunyakaza), isebenzisa inani elifanayo lamandla kowokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo: SUma umuntu engqubuzana nodonga ngephutha, udonga lusebenzisa amandla afanayo kumuntu njengalowo osebenza odongeni.
- Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi
Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi waphakanyiswa nguNewton futhi uchaza ukuxhumana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwemizimba eyahlukene enesisindo. INewton ibisuselwa emithethweni yayo yokunyakaza ukuphikisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi (umfutho izidumbu ezimbili ezihehelana ngawo) ahlobene nalokhu: ibanga phakathi kwalezi zidumbu ezimbili nobukhulu bayo ngayinye yaleyo mizimba. Ngakho-ke, amandla adonsela phansi alingana nomkhiqizo wezixuku ezihlukaniswe ibanga eliphakathi kwazo ezikwele.
- Uhlobo lokukhanya lokukhanya
Ngokungena emkhakheni we-optics, uNewton wakhombisa ukuthi ukukhanya akwenziwanga ngamagagasi (njengoba bekukholelwa) kepha izinhlayiya (azibiza ngokuthi ama-corpuscle) eziphonswa ngejubane elikhulu futhi zilandelana ziqonde emzimbeni ezikhipha ukukhanya. Lo mbono wadalulwa nguNewton emsebenzini wakhe: Opticks lapho efunda khona ukukhipha, ukukhombisa nokusabalalisa ukukhanya.
Kodwa-ke, umbono wakhe wahlanjalazwa ngenxa yomqondo wokukhanya wokukhanya. Kuphela ngekhulu lama-20 (ngentuthuko yemishini ye-quantum) lapho kwakungakwazi khona ukuchaza isimo sokukhanya njengezinhlayiya, kokunye, nanjengamagagasi, kwezinye izimo.
- Umbono wombala
Uthingo lwenkosazana lwalungenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu kakhulu kubantu besikhathi sikaNewton. Lo sosayensi wathola ukuthi ukukhanya okwakuvela elangeni njengokukhanya okumhlophe kubola ngemibala ehlukene okwakha uthingo.
Wayihlola esebenzisa i-prism egumbini elimnyama. Wavumela isigxobo sokukhanya sidlule ngokuthambekela okuthile emgodini. Lokhu kungene kobunye bobuso be-prism futhi kwahlukaniswa ngemisebe enemibala enama-engeli ahlukile.
UNewton wasebenzisa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi idiski kaNewton, isiyingi esinemikhakha ependwe ngombala obomvu, owolintshi, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, obovu, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophephuli. Ngokujikeleza idiski ngejubane elikhulu, imibala iyahlangana yakha okumhlophe.
- Isibonakude saseNewtonian
Ngo-1668, uNewton wethula isibonakude sakhe esibonisayo esasisebenzisa izibuko ze-concave ne-convex. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ososayensi basebenzise ama-telescope aqabulayo, ahlanganisa ama-prism nama-lens ukuze bakwazi ukukhulisa isithombe ukuze basibone kude.
Yize bekungeyena owokuqala ukusebenza ngalolu hlobo lwesibonakude, ubizwa ngokuthi nguyena owenza insimbi isebenze futhi asebenzise izibuko ezifanisayo.
- Umumo Womhlaba
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, futhi ngenxa yeminikelo nokutholwe nguNicolás Copernicus noGalileo Galilei, bekukholelwa ukuthi uMhlaba uyindilinga ephelele.
Ngokuya ngeqiniso lokuthi umhlaba uzungeza ngokwawo nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi, uNewton wasebenzisa izibalo futhi wasusa ibanga ukusuka ezindaweni ezehlukene ezisemhlabeni waya enkabeni yawo. Uthole ukuthi lezi zilinganiso ziyehluka (ububanzi benkabazwe bude kunobubanzi ukusuka esigxotsheni kuya esigxotsheni) futhi wathola ukuma okusaqanda koMhlaba.
- Ijubane lomsindo
Ngo-1687 uNewton washicilela umbono wakhe womsindo ku: IPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, lapho esho khona ukuthi ijubane lomsindo alincikile ebufakazini noma ebangeni lalo, kepha ezintweni ezibonakalayo zoketshezi oluhamba ngalo. Ngokwesibonelo: Uma umsindo ukhishwa ngaphansi kwamanzi uzohamba ngejubane elihlukile kunalowo okhishwe emoyeni.
- Umthetho we-Thermal convection
Okwamanje waziwa njengomthetho kaNewton wokupholisa, lo mthetho uthi ukulahleka kokushisa okutholwa ngumzimba kufana nokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa elikhona phakathi kwalowo mzimba nendawo ezungezile.
Ngokwesibonelo: NOMAInkomishi yamanzi ashisayo izophola ngokushesha ekamelweni lokushisa elingu-10 ° kunasesigumbini sokushisa esingu-32 °.
- Ukubalwa
UNewton ungene kwizibalo ezincane kakhulu. Ubize lokhu kuyehla kokubala (lokho namuhla esikubiza ngokuthi okuphuma kukho), ithuluzi elisiza ekubaleni imijikelezo namajika. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1665 wathola i-theorem ebinomial futhi wasungula imigomo yokuhlukanisa nokubala okuhlangene.
Yize uNewton kwaba owokuqala ukwenza lokhu okutholakele, kwakungungoti wezibalo waseJalimane, uGottfried Leibniz, owathi, esezitholele isibali ngokwakhe, washicilela lokho akuthola ngaphambi kukaNewton. Lokhu kwabenza baba nempikiswano engapheli kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaNewton ngo-1727.
- Amagagasi
Emsebenzini wakhe: IPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaUNewton uchaze ukusebenza kwamagagasi njengoba sazi namuhla. Uthole ukuthi ukushintsha kwamagagasi kungenxa yamandla adonsela phansi elenziwa yiLanga neNyanga eMhlabeni.
- Qhubeka: Iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei
