Amazinga obuchwepheshe

-Delile

• Izibonelo zamazinga wobuchwepheshe

I-amazinga wobuchwepheshe ziwuchungechunge lwemibhalo ekhishwe ngumkhandlu wesiphathimandla esaziwayo endabeni ethile, ukulawula noma ukuphoqa ama-specs ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo noma ukulethwa kwezinsizakalo ezifanele.

Amazinga obuchwepheshe asebenza emphakathini njengemihlahlandlela yokwenza imigomo ethile, ebeka izinqubo ngendlela efanayo futhi ivikele izintshisekelo zomphakathi, ngokuya ngezizathu zokuziphatha, ukusebenza kahle, ikhwalithi noma ukuphepha. Umsebenzi wokugcina kuzoba, ngokomthetho, ukulinganisa (ukwenza lula, ukuhlanganiswa, ukucaciswa) kwezinqubo zokuphathwa kwazo okulungile kanye nentuthuko yokuziphatha.

Imvamisa i imithetho Bangaba nobubanzi besenzo esenziwa kuzwelonke noma emhlabeni jikelele, kuya ngobubanzi bomzimba obakhangisayo noma izivumelwano ngodaba olwenzekile phakathi kwamazwe. Ngaleyo ndlela kunjalo imithetho esemthethweni, okungukuthi, ikhishwe yisiphathimandla.

Lapho, ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkambiso zivela ku igebe elijwayelekile, inkambiso nesidingo, kuyabhekwa imithetho engekho emthethweni. Lokhu futhi kungasebenza, inqobo nje uma kungangqubuzani nemibono yemithethonqubo esemthethweni.

Okuyinhloko yalezi zinhlangano ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele yiyona I-ISO (Inhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yokumiswa Okumisiwe).

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo Zamazinga Ekhwalithi

Izibonelo zamazinga wobuchwepheshe

1. I-ISO 9000. Kumenyezelwe yi Inhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yokumiswa Okumisiwe (I-ISO) njengalezi ezedlule, ziluchungechunge lwamazinga okuphathwa komgomo wekhwalithi ekwakhiweni, ekukhiqizweni, ekufakweni, ekuhlinzekweni, ekuhlolweni nasekuphathweni kwezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni, inhloso yazo ukulawula nokuhlanganisa imibandela yokuvumela igama lakho kuphela leyo ehlangabezana nezimfuneko ezilindelwe nezishiwo.
2. I-ISO 1000. Emzamweni wokucacisa i-International System of Units, le standard ye-ISO ichaza amagama aphakanyisiwe aphakanyisiwe amayunithi, amayunithi wokungezelela, namayunithi atholakele, enza amazinga afanele okusetshenziswa kweziqalo, izimpawu nezinombolo zokuqonda okubanzi kwabantu.
3. I-ISBN (Inombolo Yencwadi Ejwayelekile Yomhlaba Wonke). Imfushane ngenombolo yeNcwadi Ejwayelekile Yomhlaba Wonke, iyisihlonzi esihlukile sezincwadi ezishicilelwe noma kuphi emhlabeni futhi esenzelwe ukusetshenziselwa ukuthengisa. Umsuka wawo ubuyele emuva ngonyaka we-1966 e-United Kingdom, lapho abaphathi be-W.H.Smith beyisebenzisa ukukhomba nokwenza imikhiqizo yabo nge-serial, futhi kusukela ngo-1970 yamukelwa njengezinga lokushicilela lomhlaba jikelele.
4. I-ISSN (Inombolo Yomkhiqizo Ejwayelekile Yomhlaba Wonke). Njenge-ISBN, iyiNombolo Yesibonakaliso Yomhlaba Wonke Yesitifiketi yama-periodicals, njengezincwadi zonyaka, omagazini namaphephandaba. Leli zinga livumela ukulinganisela ukuhlukaniswa futhi kugwenywe amaphutha ekubhalweni kwezihloko noma ukuhumusha, okusiza kakhulu kumakhathalogi e-bibliographic kanye nawamaphephandaba.
5. I-MPEG2 (Iqembu Lesazi Sokuhambisa Izithombe). Leli yigama elinikezwe isethi yezinkambiso namazinga okufakwa kwikhodi yomsindo nevidiyo ekhishwe yiQembu Labachwepheshe Ngezithombe Ezihambayo (MPEG), elishicilelwe ngezinga le-ISO 13818. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zalo mthetho zisetshenziselwa iDijithali Yomhlaba Ithelevishini, nge-satellite noma ngekhebuli, kanye naku-SVCD naku-DVD disc.
6. Amazinga efoni ephathekayo e-3GPP. Lezi zingchungechunge zamazinga ezokuxhumana ezakhiwe yi Iphrojekthi ye-3rd Generation Partnership (I-Third Generation Association Project), indlela yayo yokuqala okwakungukusungula uhlelo lokuxhumana ngocingo lwesithathu (3G) lomakhalekhukhwini, ngokususelwa kulokho okwazuzwa yi-GSM yangaphambilini nangaphakathi kohlaka lwe-ITU (International Telecommunications Union). Namuhla lawa mazinga ahlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana njengomsakazo namanethiwekhi angumgogodla, ngokunikezwa kokukhula okukhulu nokubaluleka kwawo.
7. I-ISO 22000. Elinye lamazinga abaluleke kakhulu e-ISO standardization, anikezelwe ekwelapheni nasekulawulweni kokudla, ngaso sonke isikhathi kucatshangelwa ukuphepha kwabathengi kanye nenani labantu ekukhiqizeni, ekuphatheni nasekusabalazweni kwempahla yokudla yabathengi. Iqukethe zonke izinyathelo zokuqapha kanye nokucatshangelwa okufanele kubhekelwe ukuze umkhiqizo uqinisekiswe yi-ISO, oqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka.
8. Imininingwane. Ekuqaleni kwayo, i- Imininingwane Idalwe nguhulumeni wase-United States, bekungeyona nje into esezingeni lokuvikelwa kwamamephu, amashadi nezincwadi ezivimbele ukukhiqizwa kwazo ngokungakhethi ngaphandle kwemvume yombhali. Kepha kusukela kuma-50s yasabalala emhlabeni jikelele futhi yaba yindinganiso ye-copyright eyaziwa kakhulu futhi esabalele kakhulu, ivikela amandla aphelele ombhali (nezindlalifa zakhe) ekudalweni kwakhe kuze kube yisikhathi esithile ngemuva kokufa (kubekiwe ubuncane besikhathi seminyaka engama-50) .
9. Amalayisense Avamile E-Creative Commons. Ngokwemvelaphi yaseMelika, le sethi yemithetho yezomthetho iphishekela ukulinganiswa okungekho kongxiwankulu kwemisebenzi yokudala nolwazi, kuqinisekisa ukusakazwa kwayo mahhala ngokuya ngemikhombandlela esungulwe ngumbhali, efaka inkululeko yokubonisana nokusakazwa kwegazi, kwesinye isikhathi nokuhlela, kepha hhayi ukuthengisa noma ukuxhashazwa kwezentengiselwano.
10. IColombia Technical Standard NTC 4595-4596. Ngokusobala okwenziwa endaweni, lo mthetho omenyezelwe nguMnyango Wezemfundo waseColombia ulawula ukwakhiwa nokuhlelwa kwendawo kwezakhiwo ezintsha zemfundo, ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi wesikole kanye namazinga abalulekile ekhwalithi kazwelonke lapho kwakhiwa isikole noma ikolishi. futhi uvuselele okukhona.
11. I-Spanish Technical Standard NTP 211. Le nqubo, futhi yesenzo sikazwelonke, ilawula izindaba eziphathelene nokukhanyiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza eSpain, kucatshangelwa ukukhiqiza, induduzo nokuphepha kwamazinga ahlukahlukene abasebenzi nabasebenzi abangaba khona.
12. Izinga Lobuchwepheshe Lama-Domestic Wendawo. Ukulawulwa kweNational Institute of Statistics and Geography yoMbuso waseMexico osungula ukucaciswa okuhlukile kokuphathwa kwedatha yezwe nokuhlanganiswa kwayo ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza nokuthatha izinqumo. Kuyimizamo yokulinganisa ukuxhumana kwezindaba ngalolu daba ezweni lonke.
13. I-NTC COPEL. Izinga lobuchwepheshe laseBrazil elicacisa izidingo eziphathelene nezinto zokwakha amanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa kagesi, amathuluzi, ukuhlangana kwamanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa noma umsebenzi wokulungisa kumanethiwekhi asetshenziswayo. Baphakanyiswa yiCOPEL, inkampani yamaphayona eBrazil emsebenzini kagesi futhi engomunye wabasabalalisi bamandla abakhulu kakhulu eParaná.
14. Amazinga we-NTVO wase-Argentina. I-CRMT National Transportation Regulation Commission) e-Argentina igcina uchungechunge lwemithetho maqondana nemigwaqo nemisebenzi yesitimela nokulawulwa kwayo, kusuka enhlanganweni kazwelonke nokongiwa kojantshi kuya emithethweni yokuhlola yemisebenzi.
15. Amazinga Ezobuchwepheshe Nekhwalithi weCodex Alimentarius yeWorld Trade Organisation(WTO). Njengoba igama layo lisungulwa, le khodi yokudla izama ukuvumelanisa ngangokunokwenzeka izinyathelo zenhlanzeko nezempilo eziholela ekubekweni kokuphepha kokudla. Kuyisethi yamazinga omhlaba avamise ukubizwa nge- “Codex” ahambisana nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zokudla nezolimo.