Umqondo we ukuhlukaniswa kuhlobene ngokuqondile nesayensi yomuntu, ngoba iyindlela engathinta abantu.
I- ukuhlukaniswa inqubo umuntu abe yiyo uphenduka umuntu ongaziwa kuyeNgamanye amagama, ukwazi kwabo kuguqulwa ngendlela yokuthi ilahlekelwe yizimpawu ezinikezwe yona kuze kube yileso sikhathi ngesimo sayo noma ngemvelo yayo.
I- ukuhlukaniswa komkhubaNgakho-ke, kuhlobene ngokwedlulele nokuhumusha okuthile ngesimo somuntu ukuthi ifilosofi nezinye izayensi zesintu azivumelananga, ngakho-ke azikho izincazelo ezihlukile ngokuhlukaniswa: I-Foucault, i-Hegel, i-Marx kanye ne-psychology yayinokuningi ngeminikelo ezindabeni zokuhlukaniswa.
Ubudlelwano bokuhlukaniswa nesayensi yomuntu kungenxa yokuthi akuyona inqubo yezinto eziphilayo (njengokuphazamiseka okuningi kwezinzwa zobuntu nokuziphatha) kepha kunalokho inqubo yenhlalo engenzeka emazingeni amabili.
I-ukuhlukaniswa ngakunye Kwenzeka esimweni lapho ubuntu bomuntu oyedwa buchithwa, ukungahambelani kuvela ekucabangeni kwabo nasekuzifundiseni okungaphansi kokuqonda ngendlela yokuthi kudalwe izimo ezithile ezingelona iqiniso. Ukuhlukaniswa komuntu ngamunye, kuthathwe ngokweqile, kwehlukanisa abantu kumbuthano wabo wobudlelwano bezenhlalo.
I- ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi noma ngokuhlanganyela kuxhunyaniswe ngokuphelele nokuxhaphaza kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe kwabantu bebonke. Unembeza womphakathi wonke uguqulwa ngendlela yokuthi uphambane nalokho okulindeleke kubo.
Enye yezimpikiswano zokuqala emphakathini wanamuhla ibandakanya uThomas Hobbes noJean-Jacques Rousseau, owokuqala owathethelela ubukhona bombuso ngobudlova nempi enobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, kanti owesibili, kunalokho, wayekholelwa kuhulumeni. yemvelo ngoba wayebheka amadoda njengabantu abanokuthula ngokwemvelo.
Ngokusobala, umuntu emphakathini akanalo udlame ngokuphelele futhi akanakho ukuthula ngokuphelele nokuzidela: zombili lezi zikhundla zifaka phakathi inqubo yokuhlukaniswa lapho amadoda emhlabeni wonke ayelahlekelwa yimvelo yawo yokuqala.
Njengalesi esishiwo ngenhla, kunezinye izibonelo ezifuna ukulinganisa incazelo yokuhlukaniswa. Kokulandelayo, ezinye zazo:
- Umuntu owamukela inkolo aze afike ekuphazamiseni ukukhula kwakhe uzithola ehlukanisiwe ngokwenkolo.
- Ukwethulwa kwefilosofi komqondo wokuhlukaniswa, okwanikezwa nguJean-Jacques Rousseau ekuvikeleni kwakhe isimo semvelo nabesilisa ngenkululeko ephelele.
- Abacabangi abaningi ngomphakathi babezibuza ngezinqubo zobushiqela eYurophu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, okwazile ukuheha ukwesekwa okuqine kakhulu ezinhlakeni ezehlukene zomphakathi. Lokhu kukholwa kwezikhulu ezinkulu mayelana nezinzuzo zenqubo ezingahlakaza ngokuphelele umphakathi kungachazwa njengokuhlukaniswa.
- Umuntu ongaphansi kwethonya le-narcotic ushintsha umbono wakhe weqiniso futhi ukuguqule, ngakho-ke uyehlukaniswa.
- Umuntu oqinisekisa ukucindezelwa okwenziwa nguhulumeni kuye uhlukaniswa nezepolitiki.
- Okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi kwamahlelo noma ezinye izinhlangano eziyimfihlo emhlabeni kugcina sekuhlukanisa amalungu abo.
- Emiphakathini yanamuhla, ukungqubuzana okunjengempi kushiya kuphela ucezu lomphakathi oluncane kunawo wonke lufile. Kodwa-ke, yilabo abancane kunabo bonke nabampofu kakhulu abavame ukugubha futhi bakhuthaze kakhulu lapho impi isondela.
- UMichael Foucault ubecabanga ukuthi ukwehlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kufana nalokho okuhlukunyezwa yilabo abagula ngengqondo, ngoba umphakathi awumazi futhi umkhiphela ngaphandle.
- Izindleko ezinkulu ekukhangiseni ezenziwa yizinkampani, kungenxa yokuthi (siyakholelwa noma cha) abantu bathonywe yiyo ngezinqumo zethu zokusebenzisa. Njengoba kuwushintsho ekuziphatheni esingaluqapheli, lungathathwa njengenqubo yokuhlukaniswa.
- Ekuhlaziyweni komphakathi wonxiwankulu okwenza UKarl Marx, ukuhlukaniswa kwesisebenzi kwenzeka ngezindlela ezintathu. Lokhu kwehlukaniswa kathathu komuntu kusuka kumongo wakhe weqiniso ukuphela kwento engafakazela ukubekezelela nokuqinisekiswa kohlelo lobungxiwankulu ngabasebenzi uqobo, ngokusho kukaMarx.
- Mayelana nomsebenzi wakhe (ngoba usebenzela isidingo somunye);
- Mayelana nento ekhiqizwayo (ngoba akusiyona eyeyakhe);
- Mayelana namandla ayo (ngokwesidingo saphakade sonxiwankulu ukukhulisa izinga lakhe lenzuzo).
