-Delile
A umbhalo wetemibhalo kuyindlela yokukhiqiza ngomlomo noma ebhaliwe enika amalungelo amafomu obuhle, enkondlo nawokudlala ngokuqukethwe okufundisayo noma okuyinjongo yomlayezo.
Imibhalo yezincwadi iphakamisa izindlela ezizimele nezikhululekile zokuqukethwe okucabangayo, okuhlangenwe nakho noma okucabangayo, ngenhloso yokwakha imizwa kumfundi.
Eqinisweni, esinye sezici ezisemqoka sanoma imuphi umbhalo wezincwadi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko, ukuthi untula umsebenzi ocacile noma inhloso ethile. Ngamanye amagama, ayinakusetshenziswa okusebenzayo futhi lokho ngumehluko wayo omkhulu emibhalweni engeyona eyemibhalo.
EGrisi lasendulo, okwakubhekwa njengombhalo wezincwadi waseNtshonalanga, inhlekelele (eyandulela indawo yeshashalazi yangaleso sikhathi) yayiqakatheke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwesakhamuzi ngokomzwelo nangokomphakathi, ngoba sasidlulisa izindinganiso zepolitiki, ezenkolo nezokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengezidingekayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-epic (eyandulela ukulandisa kwamanje) kwakuyindlela yokudlulisa izinganekwane ezinkulu ezazisungula impucuko yamaGreki, njengalezo eziqukethwe I-Iliad futhi I-Odyssey.
Okwamanje, imibhalo ebhaliwe ibhekwa njengengxenye yezokungcebeleka, ezokungcebeleka nezokuqeqesha ezinikezwe okuqukethwe kwabantu okubanzi, okuvezwa njengezikhombo futhi okucwayiza izehlakalo zomlando, izindaba ezithandwayo, izimpawu kanye nezindlela zakudala zamasiko, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela okushintshiwe noma okufakiwe ngenganekwane.
Bhekafuthi:
- Izinhlobo zemibhalo
- Amathrendi ezincwadi
Izinhlobo zemibhalo yombhalo
Njengamanje, imibhalo ebhaliwe ihlukaniswa ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kolimi, kusethi yama-oda abizwa ngokuthi izinhlobo zemibhalo. Lezi izi:
- Ukulandisa. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa indaba emfushane, inoveli, indaba emincane, umlando obhaliwe nezinye izinhlobo zendaba, ezangempela noma ezicatshangelwayo, ezimnandi noma ezingokoqobo, ezigcizelela abalingiswa, uhlaka lwesenzo nesimo somlandisi khiqiza kulindelo lomfundi, ukungezwani neminye imizwa efanayo.
- Izinkondlo. Ikhululeke kakhulu kwezobuciko bemibhalo, ngoba ayiqukethe cishe noma yimuphi umthetho ochaza ukuthi inkondlo iyini noma ayikho, ngaphandle kwenhloso yayo yokuveza imizwa, imibono ekhona, ukubonakaliswa noma ngisho nokulandiswa okuthile kepha ngokungabi bikho abalingiswa abachaziwe. ababalisi noma izimo ezichazwe kahle.Phambilini yayichazwa ngemilolotelo nangamavesi ayebalwa ngamaqoqo ezinhlamvu, kepha namuhla kubhekwa ukuthi inkondlo ingazuza noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesakhiwo nesakhiwo, ithobela umculo wayo futhi ongachazeki.
- I-Dramaturgy. Ukubhala amadrama ngesimo saso okuhloswe ngaso ukuba yinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ifilimu noma ukubekwa kwethelevishini. Imvamisa kufaka izinhlamvu nezilungiselelo, ezimweni ezenzeka phambi kwesibukeli ngaphandle kokulamulwa umbalisi.
- Isivivinyo. I-eseyi inendlela ekhanyayo necacisayo yanoma yisiphi isihloko, ngokusebenzisa ukuphikisana okuzithobayo okufuna ukunikeza imibono noma imibono engashicilelwe.
Izibonelo zombhalo wombhalo
- "La poesía" ngu-Eugenio Montejo (inkondlo)
Izinkondlo ziwela umhlaba wedwa,
sekela izwi lakho ebuhlungwini bomhlaba
futhi akukho okubuzayo
-ngisho ngisho namagama.
Kuvela kude futhi ngaphandle kwesikhathi, akuxwayisi neze;
Unokhiye wesicabha.
Ukungena njalo ima ukusibuka.
Bese evula isandla sakhe asinike
imbali noma itshe, okuthile okuyimfihlo,
kodwa kukhulu kangangokuba inhliziyo ishaye
ngokushesha okukhulu. Futhi savuka.
- "Umhlaba" ka-Augusto Monterroso (indatshana encane)
UNkulunkulu akakawudali umhlaba; ucabanga nje, njengaphakathi kwamaphupho. Ngakho-ke umhlaba uphelele, kepha uyadida.
- I- "The Miser" kaMoliére (idrama)
I-VALERIO. U-Elisa othandekayo, uzizwa unjani ukudangala ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa ngomusa ukuthi ube nomusa ngokwanele ukunginikeza ngenjabulo yakho! Ngiyakubona ububula, maye, phakathi kwenjabulo yami. Ngabe kungukuthi uyazisola, ngitshele, ukuthi ungijabulisile? Futhi uyazisola ngalesi sithembiso, uthando lwami olukwazi ukukuphoqa ngalo?
U-ELISA. Cha, Valerio; Angikwazi ukuzisola ngakho konke engikwenzela khona. Ngishukumiseleka kuwo ngamandla amnandi kakhulu, futhi anginawo namandla okufisa ukuthi ngabe izinto bezingenzeki ngaleyo ndlela. Kepha ukukhuluma iqiniso, ukuphela okuhle kungibangela ukungakhululeki, futhi ngesaba kakhulu ukukuthanda kakhulu kunalokho obekufanele ngikwenze.
I-VALERIO. Sawubona! Yini ongayisaba, Elisa, ngomusa owube nawo kimi?
- "La trama celeste" ngu-Adolfo Bioy Casares (indaba emfushane, isiqephu)
Ngenkathi uKaputeni u-Ireneo Morris noDkt Carlos Alberto Servian, ongudokotela we-homeopathic, belahleka eBuenos Aires ngoDisemba 20, amaphephandaba awazange aphawule ngalokhu. Kwathiwa kunabantu abakhohlisiwe, abantu abayindida nokuthi kunekhomishini ephenyayo; Futhi kwathiwa indawo encane yokusebenza kwendiza esetshenziswa ababaleki yenza ukuthi bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahambanga kakhulu. Ngalezo zinsuku ngathola i-oda; Bekuqukethe: imiqulu emithathu ku-quarto (imisebenzi ephelele yekhomanisi uLuis Augusto Blanqui); indandatho yenani elincane (i-aquamarine ene-effigy kankulunkulukazi ophethwe yihhashi ngemuva); amakhasi ambalwa abhalwe ngomshini - The Adventures of Captain Morris - signed C.A. S. I will transcribe those pages. (…)
- "Lolita" nguVladimir Nabokov (inoveli, isiqephu)
Lolita, ukukhanya kwempilo yami, umlilo wezitho zami zangaphakathi. Isono sami, umphefumulo wami. ILo-li-ta: ichopho lolimi lithatha uhambo lwezinyathelo ezintathu ukusuka onqenqemeni lwolwanga ukuyophumula, okwesithathu, onqenqemeni lwamazinyo. It. U-Li. Ta. KwakunguLo, uLo nje, ekuseni, izinyawo ezinhlanu ngezinyawo ezingenalutho. KwakunguLola egqoke ibhulukwe. KwakunguDolly eskoleni. KwakunguDolores ngenkathi esayina. Kepha ezandleni zami wayehlala eyiLolita. (…)
- "Paseando mi cigarro" nguGay Talese (umlando wezincwadi, umbhalo)
Njalo ebusuku emva kwesidlo sasebusuku ngiphuma nezinja zami ezimbili siye ePark Avenue sihambehamba nogwayi wami. Ugwayi wami unombala ofanayo nowezinja zami ezimbili, futhi izinja zami nazo zihehwa iphunga lazo: ziyeqa imilenze yami lapho ngiyikhanyisa ngaphambi kokuba ngiqale ukuhamba, nginezimpumulo ezinwetshiwe namehlo agxilile, ngalokhu kubukeka kokuminza abakufakayo njalo uma ngibanikeza amabhisikidi ezilwane noma ithileyi lama-canapes anongiwe asele kwelinye lama-cocktails ethu. (…)
- "The Labyrinth of Solitude" ka-Octavio Paz (indatshana, isiqeshana)
Kithina sonke, ngesinye isikhathi, ubukhona bethu buvezwe kithi njengento ethile, engadluliseki futhi eyigugu. Lesi sambulo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi sisakhula. Ukutholakala kwethu uqobo kuyaziveza njengokuthi sizazi sodwa; phakathi komhlaba nathi kuvuleka udonga olungabonakali: lokho kukanembeza wethu. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi masinyane lapho sizalwa sizizwa sisodwa; Kepha izingane nabantu abadala bangasinqoba isizungu sabo futhi bazikhohlwe ngokudlala noma ngomsebenzi. Esikhundleni salokho, osemusha, ozulazulayo phakathi kobuntwana nentsha, umiswa okwesikhashana ngaphambi kwengcebo yomhlaba engenamkhawulo. Osemusha uyamangala ukuba. (…)
- Qhubeka: Imithandazo ebhaliwe
