-Delile
- Amatshe agneous
- Izibonelo zamatshe angenalutho
- Amatshe we-sedimentary
- Izibonelo zamatshe ase-sedimentary
- Amatshe we-Metamorphic
- Izibonelo zamatshe we-metamorphic
I- amadwala kukhona inhlangano eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaminerali. Zenziwa izinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba. Amadwala aguqulwa njalo ngesenzo sezinto ezahlukahlukene zokwakheka komhlaba, njengamanzi noma umoya, nezidalwa eziphilayo.
I- amadwala Zihlukaniswa ngokwezakhiwo zazo:
Amatshe agneous
I- amatshe angenalutho kungumphumela we ukuqinisa wemagma. IMagma iyisisindo samaminerali esincibilikisiwe, okungukuthi, ine-fluidity ethile. IMagma iqukethe amaminerali womabili namagesi aguquguqukayo futhi ancibilikile.
Amatshe angama-Igneous angaphazamisa noma akhiphe:
- I- amadwala angenayo, ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-plutonics, yizona eziningi kakhulu futhi zakha izingxenye ezijulile zoqweqwe lomhlaba.
- I- amadwala amakhulu, ebizwa nangokuthi intaba-mlilo, yakhiwa ngenxa yokupholisa kodaka ebusweni bomhlaba.
Izibonelo zamatshe angenalutho
- I-Granite (plutonic): umbala ompunga noma obomvu ngokukhanyayo. Kwakhiwe nge-quartz, i-potassium feldspar ne-mica.
- I-Porphyry (plutonic): umbala obomvu ngombala. Kwakhiwe i-feldspar ne-quartz.
- IGabbro (i-plutonic): kushubile ekubunjweni. Iqukethe i-calcium plagioclase, i-pyroxene, i-olivine, i-hornblende ne-hypersthene.
- ISyenite (plutonic): ihlukaniswa ne-granite ngoba ayiqukethe i-quartz. Kuqukethe i-feldspar, i-oligoclases, i-albite, namanye amaminerali.
- IGreenstone (i-plutonic): okuphakathi nokwakheka: izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-plagioclase nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamaminerali amnyama.
- I-Peridotite (i-plutonic): umbala omnyama nobukhulu obukhulu. Ihlanganiswe cishe ngokuphelele nge-pyroxene.
- I-Tonalite (plutonic): yakhiwe nge-quartz, plagioclase, hornblende, ne-biotite.
- I-Basalt (i-volcanic): umbala omnyama, owenziwe ngama-magnesium nensimbi ayisihlabathi, ngaphezu kokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-silica.
- I-Andesite (volcanic): umbala omnyama noma ophakathi ngombala. Ihlanganiswe ngamaminerali e-plagioclase kanye ne-ferromagnesic.
- I-Rhyolite (volcanic) yemibala ensundu, empunga noma ebomvu. Kwakhiwe yi-quartz ne-potassium feldspar.
- Dacite (volcanic): ephezulu ngokuqukethwe yensimbi, yakhiwa yi-plagioclase feldspar.
- I-Trachyte (volcanic): yakhiwe nge-potassium feldspar ne-plagioclase, i-biotite, i-pyroxene ne-hornblende.
Amatshe we-sedimentary
I- amadwala sedimentary Akhiwa kusukela ekuguqulweni nasekucekelweni phansi kwamanye amadwala abekade ekhona. Ngale ndlela, amadiphozi asalile akhiwa angahlala endaweni efanayo lapho avela khona noma ahanjiswa ngamanzi, umoya, iqhwa noma imisinga yolwandle.
Amadwala we-sedimentary akhiwa yi-diagenesis (ukuminyaniswa, ukumiswa) kwe- izidumbu. Iziduli ezahlukahlukene zakha umugqa, okungukuthi, izingqimba ezakhiwe idiphozi.
Izibonelo zamatshe ase-sedimentary
- Igebe: idwala le-sedriment sedrital, eliqukethe izingcezu zamadwala ezi-angular ezingaphezulu kwamamilimitha ama-2. Lezi zingcezu zihlanganiswa usimende wemvelo.
- Sandstone: Idwala le-sedrital sedimentary, elinemibala ehlukene, eliqukethe ama-clasts alingana nesihlabathi.
- Shale: idwala lentengayo elilimazayo. Yenziwe ngemfucumfucu ecindezelayo, ngezinhlayiya ezilingana nobumba nodaka.
- Isikhunta: yakhiwe nge-calcite nobumba. Imvamisa iba mhlophe ngebala.
- I-limestone: yakhiwe ikakhulukazi nge-calcium carbonate. Kungaba mhlophe, mnyama noma nsundu.
Amatshe we-Metamorphic
I- Amatshe we-Metamorphic yilezo ezikhiqizwa ukuvela kwedwala langaphambilini elenzelwe imvelo enamandla kakhulu ehlukile ekwakhekeni kwalo (ngokwesibonelo, kubanda kakhulu noma kuyashisa, noma ngoshintsho olukhulu lwengcindezi).
I-Metamorphism ingaqhubeka noma ibuyele emuva. I-metamorphism eqhubekayo yenzeka lapho idwala lingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme noma ingcindezi ephezulu, kepha ngaphandle kokuncibilika.
I-metamorphism eguquguqukayo yenzeka lapho idwala elavela ngokujula okukhulu (lapho kunengcindezi enkulu nokushisa) futhi lapho lisondela ngaphezulu lihlala lingazinzile futhi lithuthuke.
Izibonelo zamatshe we-metamorphic
- Imabula: icwecwe le-metamorphic rock eliphenduke emadwaleni e-limestone angaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nengcindezi. Ingxenye yayo eyisisekelo yi-calcium carbonate.
- Gneiss: yakhiwe nge-quartz, feldspar ne-mica. Ukwakheka kwayo kuyafana negranite kepha kwakha izingqimba eziguqukayo zamaminerali akhanyayo namnyama.
- I-Quartzite: i-hard metamorphic rattan enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-quartz.
- I-Amphibolite: amadwala amadala kakhulu atholakele.
- AmaGranulites: yakhiwa ngenqubo yokushisa okuphezulu. Mhlophe ngombala, okufakwe kugarnet. Zitholakala emaphethelweni olwandle.
