Ama-acid nezisekelo

-Delile

• Izibonelo zama-acids
• Izibonelo zezisekelo

Emkhakheni wamakhemikhali, ngokuvamile abizwa kanjalo izisekelo (noma ama-hydroxide) e izinto okuthi lapho zichithwa emanzini, zikhiphe i-hydroxyl ions (OH^–) kanye nama-acids lapho bekwazi ukukhulula khona ama-proton (H⁺).

Umqondo we izisekelo nama-asidi iguqulwe kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwakungu-Arrhenius owadala incazelo yokuqala, umbono wakhe wawunemikhawulo ethile, ngoba izinto ezithile ezifana ne-ammonia ziziphatha njengezisekelo ngaphandle kokuba ne-hydroxyl ion ku-molecule yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Arrhenius ibheka kuphela indawo enamanzi, kepha ukusabela kwe-acid-base kuyenzeka nakwabanye abezindaba. ukuncibilika akunamanzi.

Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amane kamuva, cishe ngo-1923, uBrönsted noLowry basungula enye inkolelo ngokuthi ama-acid nezisekelo zisebenza njengamabili ahlanganisiwe, ngendlela yokuthi i-asidi yilokho okwazi ukuhlinzeka ngama-proton futhi isisekelo ukuthi sikwazi ukuwathatha. Ngisho nale mbono yayingaphelele ngokuphelele, ngoba kunezinto eziningana ezinezakhi ze-asidi ngaphandle kokuba nazo ama-athomu ye-hydrogen engabonakali ku-molecule yayo.

Kungakho njengengxenye eyengeziwe yombono wakhe ku isibopho covalent I-interatomic, uLewis waveza ukuthi i-asidi iyikho konke lokho into engakwazi ukwamukela ama-electron amabili ukwakha isibopho esihlanganisiwe (dative), kuyilapho noma iyiphi into ekwazi ukunikela ithi pair pair is base.

Ngokuya ngokuthambekela kwabo ekuhlukaniseni i-ion, ama-acid nezisekelo zihlukaniswa eqinile futhi ebuthakathaka. Ama-acid ancipha i-pH yezixazululo, izisekelo noma ama-alkalis ayiphakamisa. Ama-acids aqinile avame ukubola, ezinye izinto zincibilika kangcono emithonjeni yezindaba eyenziwe i-acidified noma i-alkalized kancane.

Izibonelo zama-acids

Amanye ama-acids aziwa kahle, ngokwesibonelo:

1. i-sulfuric acid (H₂SW₄) - iyi-asidi enamandla enokusetshenziswa okuningi, ikakhulukazi embonini esindayo, idala kakhulu futhi icasule; Lapho ihlanjululwa, ikhipha ukushisa okuningi, ngakho-ke kufanele iphathwe (njengamanye ama-asidi aqinile) ngokucophelela okukhulu. Iqinisa kakhulu.
2. i-hydrochloric acid (I-HCl) - yize iyi-asidi enamandla, ikhona emzimbeni womuntu, ikakhulukazi esiswini, lapho idlala khona indima ebalulekile enqubeni yokugaya ukudla. Ukweqisa kwayo kudala isilungulela.
3. i-phosphoric acid (H₃PO₃) - le asidi iyisithako esivamile kuziphuzo ezine-carbonated. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kweziphuzo ezinjalo kuyadikibala ngenxa yomthelela omubi wale-asidi ku-calcium metabolism, ethinta amathambo namazinyo ngaphezu kwakho konke.
4. i-nitric acid (I-HNO₃) - i-asidi enamandla eyaziwayo, esetshenziselwa ukwenza iziqhumane nomanyolo we-nitrogen, phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa.
5. i-perchloric acid (HClO₄) - enye i-asidi enamandla ewuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa, ingenye ye-oxidizing kakhulu.
6. i-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) - iyinto enegesi enephunga elinamandla nelingathandeki, inobuthi ezindaweni ezinokuxinana okuningi, inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni.
7. i-ribonucleic acid - Kuyisici esiyinhloko sama-ribosomes, kubalulekile ukuthi inqubo yomhlaba wonke yamaprotheni synthesis iqedwe kusuka ku-deoxyribonucleic acid, ehlobene kakhulu nayo.
8. i-acetylsalicylic acid - I-acid ebaluleke kakhulu, ene-analgesic ne-anti-inflammatory; kuyisisekelo se-aspirin.
9. i-lactic acid - ivela ekuwohlokeni kweshukela ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca nge-anaerobic ngamandla amakhulu nesikhathi esifushane. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, le lactic acid iyasetshenziswa futhi, kepha uma ihlangana, idala ukulimala kwemicu yemisipha, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-cramp.
10. i-allylic acid - Kuyi-asidi ekhona emifinweni efana negalikhi noma u-anyanisi, etholakala kwisandulela futhi esikhona ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo, i-allicin. I-germicidal ne-antioxidant.
11. I-Retinoic acid - isetshenziswe ngokwezihloko, ivimbela i-keratinization, isetshenziselwa okhilimu abamelene nezinduna nokuguga kwesikhumba. Kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezokwelapha.
12. i-butyric acid - umkhiqizo wokugcina wokuvutshelwa kwama-carbohydrate athile owenziwe ngama-microorganism ku-rumen; imvamisa kuyingxenye yamafutha ezilwane ngamanani amancane.
13. i-propionic acid - ukudla okulondolozayo, kusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukonakala kwefungal kanye ne-bacterial kwemikhiqizo ebhikawozi nabanye.
14. i-benzoic acid - isetshenziswa njengesilondolozi esingezwe emikhiqizweni eyahlukene (imayonnaise, izimpahla ezisemathinini), imvamisa iba ngusawoti (i-sodium benzoate)
15. i-acetic acid - Ukudla okulondolozwayo okusetshenziswa kakhulu ekhaya, isisekelo sama-vinaigrette namakhukhamba. Kuyinto ingxenye enkulu yeviniga.
16. i-asidii-hydroiodic
17. i-succinic acid
18. i-hydrobromic acid
19. i-citric acid
20. i-asidioxalic

Bona futhi ku: Izibonelo ze-Acids

Izibonelo zezisekelo

Manje, ezinye izisekelo zifakwe kuhlu (lezo zezinsimbi zaziwa njenge- ama-hydroxide):

1. i-sodium hydroxide (i-caustic soda)
2. i-magnesium hydroxide (ubisi lwe-magnesia)
3. i-calcium hydroxide(eluhlaza)
4. i-potassium hydroxide
5. i-barium hydroxide
6. i-iron hydroxide
7. I-Amoniya
8. Insipho
9. Umuthi wokugeza
10. I-Quinine
11. Aniline
12. IGuanine
13. I-Pyrimidine
14. I-Cytosine
15. Adenine
16. i-zinc hydroxide
17. ithusi i-hydroxide
18. zirconium hydroxide
19. titanium hydroxide
20. i-aluminium hydroxide(i-antacid)

Bona okuningi ku: Izibonelo zezisekelo zamakhemikhali