Lapho i-athomu noma i-molecule yento ilahlekelwa ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo ngogesi kwenzeka ukuthola ihlelo le ion, inqubo ehlotshaniswa nokuzuza noma ukulahleka kokuphakelwa okuvamile kwama-electron okukhomba ukwakheka kwe-athomu yenkomponi ibizwa ngokuthi i-ionization. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokwakheka kwe-ion luchazwa kukhemisi waseNgilandi Humphrey davy (1778-1829) nomfundi wakhe, UMichel Faraday (1791-1867).
I- ions Ukukhokhiswa okungafanele kwenziwa ngokuzuza kwama-electron futhi kwaziwa njenge izinyoni (ngoba bakhangwa i-anode), kuyilapho lawo akhokhiswa kahle njengomphumela wokulahleka kwama-electron, imvamisa lawo egobolondo elingaphandle, abizwa ngama-cations (ngoba lawa, ngokungafani nezinyoni, adonswa ku-cathode).
Kuhlelo izinyoni, I-electron ngayinye ye-athomu, ekuqaleni engathathi hlangothi, ibanjwe ngokuqinile ngokushaja okuhle kwe-nucleus; Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani namanye amanye ama-electron e-athomu, kuma-anion i-electron eyengeziwe ayixhunyanisiwe ne-nucleus ngamabutho e-Coulomb, ixhunyaniswe nokwehlukaniswa kwe-athomu engathathi hlangothi. Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwama-electron, ama-anion adlula i-athomu engathathi hlangothi ehambisanayo.
Ekamelweni lokushisa, ama-ion amaningi ophawu oluphambene ahlangana ngokuqinile komunye nomunye ngokulandela iphethini ejwayelekile ne-oda enikeza ukwakheka kwamakristalu, njengosawoti wetafula oyi-sodium chloride. Usawoti uvame uku-ionized kalula. Lapho yethulwa ichithwa, ion iyisisekelo sezinqubo ezibalulekile zezimboni ezifana ne-electrolysis futhi inika isisekelo sezinto ezibalulekile zomhlaba wanamuhla njengamabhethri nama-accumulator. Ama-ion ahlukene abamba iqhaza kuzinqubo ze-oxidation ye-enzymatic kanye nokwehlisa, okufana nokuphendula okungenakubalwa kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ezidalweni eziphilayo.
Izici ezijwayele ukuba nesikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke ukuze zenze i-ionize kahle, okungukuthi, ukulahlekelwa ama-electron futhi ngaleyo ndlela zenze ama-cations, yilezi izinsimbi futhi ama-halogenAmanye ama-nonmetals ngokuvamile enza ama-anion, futhi amagesi amahle afana ne-helium noma i-argon awenzi ama-ion. Usayizi wama-cations mncane kunowama-athomu ngenxa yokulahleka kwama-electron.
Ngokuvamile, ama-ion asebenza ngokwamakhemikhali kunama-molecule angathathi hlangothi futhi angaba njalo monatomic noma polyatomic, okungaphili noma organic.
Izibonelo ezingama-20 zama-ion zibalwe ngezansi, kufaka phakathi ama-anion, ama-cations, i-monatomic ne-pluriatomic ion.
- Ama-chloride
- Sulfates
- AmaNitrate
- I-calcium cation
- I-manganese cation
- I-Hypochlorite
- Ammonium
- I-Ferric cation
- I-ferration cation
- I-Magnesium cation
- Izinsimbi
- I-Borates
- I-permanganate
- Isibabule
- I-Orthophosphate
- I-Metaphosphate
- Amakhabhoni
- I-citrate
- Malate
- I-Acetate
