-Delile
Igama ukuguquguquka kuvela ekuqondisweni kwe-anthropological, ikakhulukazi uFernando Ortiz Fernández, okwathi ekucwaningweni ngezimpande zomlando namasiko waseCuba wabona umbuzo wokuthi izinhlobo zamasiko amaqembu ezenhlalo, ezingagxilile, zithola kancane kancane futhi zamukele izinhlobo ezithile zamasiko ezivela kwamanye amaqembu.
I- inqubo yokuguquguquka Kungahle kube nokushayeka okungatheni noma okuncane, kepha udaba lwayo oluphakathi ngumbuzo wokuthi isiko elithile ligcina selisusa elinye. Ngokuvamile, lolu shintsho luthatha okungenani iminyaka embalwa, futhi ukushintshwa phakathi kwezizukulwane iqiniso eliyisisekelo lezinguquko emaphethini amasiko.
Amafomu nezibonelo zokuguquguquka kwesiko
Kodwa-ke, ukuguquguquka kwesiko akuyona into eyenzeka nje, eyenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Esikhundleni salokho, kuyabonakala ukuthi ingakhula ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:
kuya) Ukuhamba Okufudukayo
Izikhathi eziningi, amaphethini amasiko endawo aguqulwa kusuka ku- ukufika kokugeleza kokufuduka kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Inani elikhulu lamazwe, ikakhulukazi lawo aseLatin America, achaza izici zalo zamanje ngokuya ngamaqembu eza kulo. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuthi ezweni elinemihlahlandlela ethile, kufika iqembu labantu elikhudlwana kunalowo ohlala ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ingxenye yamaphethini eqembu lamasiko angaphandle liyangena. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu kungaba:
- Ukuxubana kwezenhlalo okwenzeka ePeru nabantu abaningi abavela eJapan kudale ukuthi ingxube yenzeke ngomqondo wokupheka.
- Indlela yokukhuluma ulimi lwesiSpanish endaweni yoMfula iPlate iguqulwe kancane ngenxa yokuthutheleka okukhulu kwabantu abafike bevela e-Italy naseSpain.
- Cishe wonke amadolobha aneChinatown, enezinkombandlela zamasiko aseChina (umkhiqizo wokufika kwabantu abasindayo) kepha ifinyeleleka kubo bonke abahlala edolobheni.
b) Ukoloni
I- ikoloni kungukubekwa kwamafomu amasha amasiko ngokusebenza kwezepolitiki, imvamisa kufaka lapha ukusungulwa kwezijeziso noma izinhlawulo zalabo abashiya amafomu amasha. Inqubo iphoqelelwe, kodwa nokho kuyisizathu sezinguquko eziningi zamasiko zaso sonke isikhathi. Kungacashunwa ezinye izibonelo:
- Yize kuyinkolo, ubuKrestu kanye nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zaphakanyiswa eMelika kusukela ekutholakaleni kwezepolitiki kwamakoloni.
- Yize kungelona ikoloni elisemthethweni, ngesikhathi seMpi kaMalvinas e-Argentina, uhulumeni wakwenqabela ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhombandlela yamasiko ngolimi lwesiNgisi. Lokhu kukhiqize ukuvela kwamafomu amasha amasiko, ukuguqulwa kokuqukethwe ngesiNgisi kuya olimini lwaseSpain.
- Ulimi lwesiNgisi e-United States luphendula ekulawulweni kwendawo okwakukhona kuyo uMqhele WaseBrithani, kuze kube unyaka we-1776.
c) Ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho namasiko
I- ukushintshana kwezomnotho namasiko bafeza ukungena kwefomu lamasiko endaweni eyayingakabikho enye. Izikhathi eziningi kwenzeka ngoba amalungu eqembu amukela amafomu amasha abheka amaphethini amasha njengangcono, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa izindlela zemakethe.
Kuyinqubo yokulingisa, ethandwa kakhulu yintuthuko yanamuhla yezobuchwepheshe. Ezinye izibonelo zokwehlukahlukana kwalolu hlobo yilezi:
- Njengamanje, ukuncintisana komkhakha waseChina maqondana namazwe amaningi kusho ukuthi imikhiqizo yawo ifinyelela umhlaba wonke, iguqula amaphethini amasiko wezindawo lapho ifika khona.
- Ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe obusha kuguqule umculo olalelwayo emazweni amaningi asentshonalanga, inqwaba yabaculi abalalelwa ngasikhathi sinye ezindaweni eziningi.
- Uhlelo oluvelele lwezepolitiki namuhla (inkululeko yenkululeko) lwaluziqinisa emhlabeni ngokulingisa phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene.
d) Ukufuna amaphethini amasiko alahliwe
Ungacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka lokho izwe likhetha ukufaka esikhundleni samaphethini amasiko womzuzwana ngamanye elake laba nawo esikhathini esedlule. Ukubuyiselwa kwamanani asebenzayo kwesinye isikhathi, into engenzeki kaningi kepha engenzeka.
Lezo zinqubo ezithi amaphethini amasiko empucuko yasendulo noma yasekuqaleni kungabonakala njengezibonelo zalolu hlobo lokuguquguquka kwesiko.
Ukwenqatshwa nokusekelwa
Kuningi ababhali be-anthropology kanye nesociology abaphikisana ngokuqinile nezinqubo zokuguqula amasiko ngenxa yezimo zezepolitiki kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yokulingisa, okungangabazeki ukuthi yinto ejwayelekile kakhulu yalolu hlobo namuhla.
Yize beqinisile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amasiko ala mazwe athanda ukufana kakhudlwana kunokuningi kunokuhluka njengoba kufanele, kulungile futhi ukuthi ngokushintshashintsha kwesiko amaphethini amaningi amasiko afinyelela kubantu abaningi.
