Izinto Eziduduzayo Nezingadluli

-Delile

• Izinsimbi ezibonakalayo zensimbi
• Izinhlobo zezinto zensimbi
• Izibonelo zezinto zensimbi
• Izibonelo zezinto ezingekho zensimbi

Uma ukhuluma nge izinto zensimbifuthi non-ayoni (noma i-ferric), kubhekiswa ezintweni ezisansimbi kuphela, ngokuya ngobukhona noma ukungabikho kwensimbi njengenye yezinto zayo.

Ngaphandle kwensimbi emsulwa (emabangeni ayo ahlukahlukene), izinsimbi eziningi eziyinsimbi ziyimikhiqizo yama-alloys noma imixube yensimbi nezinye izinto, njengekhabhoni. Ngenkathi izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi zingaba yingxenye (eyenziwe ngeyodwa isakhi se-athomu) noma amanye ama-alloys angenayo insimbi.

Izinsimbi ezibonakalayo zensimbi

Izinto ezenziwe ngensimbi, uhlobo lwesine oluvame kakhulu lwensimbi koqweqwe lomhlaba, zihlukaniswa nezinto ezingekho ayoni ekuhlanganisweni kwazo ukumelana, ukungathambeki kahle, ukuqhutshwa okukhulu kokushisa nogesi, kanye nethuba lokuphinda uzisebenzise kusukela ekusungulweni kwazo nasekwenzeni okusha, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngempendulo yayo ephezulu emandleni kazibuthe (ferromagnetism).

Ngenxa yalokhu okokugcina, impahla yensimbi ingahlukaniswa kokungadoti kudoti kamasipala ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokwehlukanisa kazibuthe.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zifunwa kakhulu ezingeni lezimboni emhlabeni wonke, ezakha phakathi kuka-1 no-2% wayo yonke imfucuza yasendlini (ikakhulukazi amathini okudla), ngenxa yentengo yayo ephansi kakhulu nekhono lokuxhuma eliphezulu nezinye izinsimbi ukuthola izimfanelo ezintsha nokwenza ngcono izakhiwo zazo.

Izinhlobo zezinto zensimbi

Zonke izinsimbi eziyinsimbi zingena kolunye lwalezi zinhlobo ezintathu, ngokuya ngezinto ezizibumbayo:

• Insimbi ehlanzekile nensimbi ethambile. Ngamanani aphansi kakhulu ekhabhoni noma, yize engajwayelekile, esimweni sokuhlanzeka.
• Izinsimbi. Ama-alloys e-Iron nezinye izinto (ikakhulukazi ikhabhoni ne-silicon), lapho okokugcina kungadluli ku-2% wokuqukethwe.
• Ama-Foundries. Ngokutholakala kwekhabhoni noma ezinye izinto ngesilinganiso esikhulu kune-2%.

Izibonelo zezinto zensimbi

1. Insimbi emsulwa. Le nto, enye yezinto eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni, iyi- insimbi isiliva mpunga wamandla kazibuthe, ubulukhuni obukhulu futhi ukuminyana. Kuthathwa njengokumsulwa uma kuhlanganiswe kuma-athomu angama-99.5% ento efanayo futhi, nokho, akusizi kakhulu, uma unikezwa ubucayi (I-brittle), iphuzu layo eliphakeme lokuncibilika (1500 ° C) kanye ne-oxidation esheshayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
2. Insimbi emnandi. Futhi kubizwa insimbi eyenziweInokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphansi kakhulu (ayifinyeleli ku-1%) futhi ingenye yezinhlobo zensimbi ezimsulwa kakhulu ezikhona. Ilusizo kuma-alloys nasekukwenzeni, ngemuva kokuwufudumeza kumazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu nokuwukhipha ube shushu ngokubomvu, ngoba uphola futhi uqine ngokushesha okukhulu.
3. Carbon Insimbi. Eyaziwa njengensimbi yokwakha, ingesinye sezakhi ezisemqoka zensimbi ezikhiqizwa embonini yensimbi futhi enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ikhiqizwa kusuka enhlanganisweni nekhabhoni ngezilinganiso eziguquguqukayo: 0.25% ngensimbi emnene, 0.35% ngo-semi-sweet, 0.45% ku-semi-hard no-0.55% ku-hard.
4. Insimbi yeSilicon. Ebizwa nangokuthi insimbi kagesi, insimbi kazibuthe noma insimbi yabaguquli, esevele iveza ukuthi isetshenziswa kakhulu kunayiphi imboni, ingumkhiqizo we-alloy yensimbi enezinga le-silicon eguquguqukayo (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-6.5%), kanye ne-manganese ne-aluminium (0.5%). Amandla ayo amakhulu ukuthi ukumelana nogesi okuphezulu kakhulu.
5. Insimbi engagqwali. Le alloy yensimbi ithandwa kakhulu, inikezwe ukumelana kwayo okuphezulu nokugqwala kanye nokusebenza komoya-mpilo (namachibi), umkhiqizo wokwenziwa kwawo kusuka ku-chromium (10 kuya ku-12% ubuncane) nezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-molybdenum ne-nickel.
6. Steel lashukumisa. Leli yigama elinikezwe insimbi embozwe ungqimba lwe-zinc, okuthi, okuyinsimbi engaxhumi kakhulu, iyivikele emoyeni futhi yehlise kakhulu ukubola kwayo. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu ekwenzeni izingxenye zamapayipi namathuluzi wamapayipi.
7. Insimbi yaseDamaseku. Imvelaphi yalolu hlobo oluthile lwengxubevange kucatshangwa ukuthi iseMpumalanga Ephakathi (idolobha laseSyria iDamaseku) phakathi kwekhulu le-11 nele-17, lapho izinkemba ezenziwe ngalezi zinto zicashunwa kabanzi eYurophu, ngenxa yobulukhuni bazo obukhulu futhi "cishe unomphela "onqenqemeni. Kusaphikiswana ngokuthi yini ngempela inqubo eyasetshenziswa ukuyithola ngaleso sikhathi, yize namhlanje iphindaphindwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zemimese nezitsha zokusika insimbi.
8. Insimbi "wootz”. Le nsimbi ngokwesiko itholakala ngokuxuba izinsalela zensimbi (insimbi eyinsimbi noma insimbi yengulube) namalahle emvelaphi yemifino nengilazi, ezithandweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Le alloy inama-carbide amaningi enza kube nzima kakhulu futhi kungakhubazeki.
9. Izisekelo zensimbi. Leli yigama elinikezwa ama-alloys anokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphezulu (ngokujwayelekile phakathi kuka-2.14 no-6.67%) lapho insimbi ifakwa khona, ukuthola izinto zobuningi obuphakeme nobulukhuni (i-white cast iron) noma ezinze kakhudlwana futhi ezisebenziseka kalula (i-cast iron grey).
10. I-Permalloy. Ingxubevange kazibuthe yensimbi ne-nickel ngezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene, ebonakala ngokungena okuphezulu kukazibuthe nokumelana nogesi, okwenza kube kuhle ekwenzeni izinzwa, amakhanda kazibuthe nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo embonini.

Izibonelo zezinto ezingekho zensimbi

1. Ithusi. Ngophawu lwamakhemikhali uCu, kungenye yezinto zethebula lesikhathi. Ingabe insimbi ductile kanye ne-transmitter ekahle kagesi nokushisa, yingakho isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokuxhumana ngocingo hhayi kakhulu emisebenzini edinga ukuqina.
2. I-Aluminium. Omunye umqhubi omkhulu kagesi noshisayo, i-aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi ezithandwa kakhulu namuhla, ngenxa yobuningi baso, ukukhanya kanye ne-oxidation ephansi, kanye nobuthi obuphansi ngokweqile, okwenza kube kuhle ekwenzeni iziqukathi zokudla.
3. Tin. Imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukuvikela insimbi ekungeneni nge-oxidation, iyinsimbi eminyene, enemibala egqamile okuthi, uma igobile, ikhiphe isigaxa esibizwa nge- “tin cry”. Ithambe kakhulu futhi iyaguquguquka ekamelweni lokushisa, kepha lapho ishiswa iba brittle futhi ibe brittle.
4. Izinki. Imelana kakhulu nokugqwala nokugqwala, yingakho isetshenziswa kaningi ezinqubeni zokufaka i-galvanizing, le nto ilula futhi ayibizi, yingakho ifuneka kakhulu ezimbonini ezikhathini zethu.
5. Ithusi. Kuyi-alloy yethusi ne-zinc (phakathi kuka-5 no-40%), okuthuthukisa amandla okuqina wezinsimbi zombili ngaphandle kokubasusa ukukhanya nobuningi bazo. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni i-hardware, izingxenye zamapayipi namathuluzi ngokujwayelekile.
6. Ithusi. Nge-alloy esuselwa ethusi nokwengezwa ngo-10% wethini, kutholakala le nsimbi emelana kakhulu nobhedu ne-ductile ephezulu, ebambe iqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokunika igama layo iminyaka yempucuko. Isetshenziswa emifanekisweni, izingcezu zokufinyelela nezinkinobho, phakathi kwezinkulungwane zokunye ukusetshenziswa.
7. Magnesium. Iningi kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba futhi loncibilika emanzini olwandle, le nto yensimbi yakha ama-ion athile abalulekile empilweni emhlabeni, ngaphandle kokuthi ayijwayele ukutholakala isesimweni esikhululekile, kepha njengengxenye yamakhemikhali amakhulu . Iphendula ngamanzi futhi iyatsha kalula.
8. Titanium. Ikhanya ngaphezu kwensimbi, kepha futhi emelana nokugqwala nobulukhuni obunjalo, iyinsimbi eningi ngokwemvelo (ayikaze ibe sesimweni sayo esimsulwa) kepha iyabiza kumuntu, ngakho ayisetshenziswa kabanzi. Isetshenziswa kaningi ekwenzeni ama-prostheses wezokwelapha.
9. I-Nickel. Enye into eyinsimbi yamakhemikhali, isiliva mhlophe kanye ne-ductile, ebumbekayo, eqinile, emelana ne-oxidation futhi, yize ingenayo i-ferrous, inezici ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yabaningi izinhlanganisela eziphilayo kubalulekile.
10. Igolide. Esinye sezinsimbi eziyigugu, mhlawumbe esaziwa kakhulu nesifiswa kakhulu kunikezwe ukwazisa ngaso kwezohwebo nakwezomnotho. Umbala wayo uphuzi ngokugqamile futhi uyi-ductile, oluthambile futhi osindayo ophendula i-cyanide, i-mercury, i-chlorine ne-bleach.

Ingakusebenzela: Izibonelo Zempahla Ethambile