Izibonelo ezingama-Carbohydrate (nomsebenzi wazo) - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zama-carbohydrate nomsebenzi wazo

I- ama-carbohydrate, waziwa ngo ama-carbohydrate noma ama-carbohydrate, angama-biomolecule abalulekile okunikeza amandla kuzidalwa eziphilayo ngokushesha nangokwakheka, yingakho zikhona ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo, izilwane kanye amakhowe.

I- ama-carbohydrate akhiwe inhlanganisela ye-athomu I-Carbon, i-Hydrogen ne-Oxygen, ihlelwe ngochungechunge lwekhabhoni kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenzayo, njenge-carbonyl noma i-hydroxyl.

Ngakho-ke igama "Amakhabhohayidrethi" akunembile ngempela, ngoba akuyona umbuzo wama-molecule e-carbon, kodwa uhlala ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo ekutholeni lokhu uhlobo lwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali. Bangabizwa ngoshukela, ama-saccharides, noma ama-carbohydrate.

I- izibopho zamangqamuzana ama-carbohydrate zinamandla futhi zinamandla kakhulu (we uhlobo covalent), yingakho akha isimo sokugcina amandla ngokugqamile ekhemistry yempilo, enza ingxenye yama-biomolecule amakhulu njenge amaprotheni noma lipids. Ngokufanayo, ezinye zazo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yodonga lweseli lesitshalo kanye ne-cuticle yama-arthropods.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo ezingama-50 zama-Carbohydrate

Ama-carbohydrate ahlukaniswe:

I-Monosaccharides. Kwakhiwa yi-molecule eyodwa kashukela.
Ama-disaccharides. Ihlanganiswe ngamamolekyu amabili kashukela ndawonye.
Ama-Oligosaccharides. Yenziwe ngamamolekyu kashukela amathathu kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye.
Ama-polysaccharides. Amaketanga eshukela isikhathi eside afaka ama-molecule amaningi futhi abalulekile ngama-polymers abalulekile anikezelwe ekwakhiweni noma ekugcineni kwamandla.

Izibonelo zama-carbohydrate nomsebenzi wazo

Ishukela. I-molekyuli ye-Isomeric (enikezwe izinto ezifanayo kepha ukwakheka okuhlukile) kwe-fructose, iyinhlanganisela egcwele kakhulu emvelweni, njengoba ingumthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezingeni lamaselula (ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation yayo yamakhemikhali).
URibose. Elinye lama-molecule ayisihluthulelo sempilo, liyingxenye yamabhulokhi ayisisekelo okwakha izinto ezifana ne-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) noma i-RNA (i-ribonucleic acid), ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amaseli.
I-Deoxyribose. Ukushintshwa kweqembu le-hydroxyl nge-athomu ye-hydrogen kuvumela i-ribose ukuthi iguqulwe ibe yi-deoxysugar, okubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ama-nucleotide akha amaketanga e-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) lapho kutholakala khona imininingwane ejwayelekile yesidalwa esiphilayo.
UFructose. Yethulo lezithelo nemifino, iyimolekyuli kadadewethu eglucose, kanye nayo abakha ngayo ushukela ovamile.
I-Glyceraldehyde. Ushukela wokuqala we-monosaccharide otholwe yi-photosynthesis, ngesikhathi sesigaba sayo esimnyama (umjikelezo kaCalvin). Kuyisinyathelo esiphakathi ezindleleni eziningi zeshukela metabolism.
IGalactose. Lo shukela olula uguqulwa ube yi-glucose esibindini, ngakho-ke usebenza njengokuthuthwa kwamandla. Kanye nalokhu, futhi kwakha i-lactose ebisi.
IGlycogen. Njengoba ingenawo amanzi, le reserve yamandla i-polysaccharide inemisipha eminingi, futhi ingaphansi kwesibindi ngisho nasebuchosheni. Ezimweni zesidingo samandla, umzimba uyichitha nge-hydrolysis ibe ushukela omusha ukuze uyisebenzise.
I-Lactose. Ihlanganiswe inyunyana ye-galactose ne-glucose, ngushukela oyisisekelo obisini nasezimbizeni zobisi (ushizi, iyogathi).
I-Eritrosa. Yethula kwinqubo ye-photosynthetic, itholakala emvelweni kuphela njenge-D-erythrose. Ushukela oncibilikile kakhulu onokubukeka okuyisiraphu.
I-cellulose. Ihlanganiswe ngamayunithi we-glucose, yi-biopolymer egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni, kanye ne-chitin. Imicu yezindonga zamaseli ezitshalo yakhiwa ngayo, ibanikeze ukusekelwa, futhi iyincwadi eluhlaza ephepheni.
Isitashi. Njengoba nje i-glycogen yenza isilondolozi sezilwane, isitashi siyenzela imifino. Ingabe i- umabhebhana yama-polysaccharides afana ne-amylose ne-amylopectin, futhi ingumthombo wamandla odliwa kakhulu ngabantu ekudleni kwabo okuvamile.

Chitin. Okwenziwa yi-cellulose kumaseli ezitshalo, i-chitin ikwenza ku-fungi kanye ne-arthropods, ibanikeze amandla ezakhiwo (exoskeleton).
UFucosa: I-Monosaccharide esebenza njengehange lamaketanga kashukela futhi ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-fucoidin, i-polysaccharide yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
URamnosa. Igama laso livela esitshalweni esaqala ukukhishwa kuso (URhamnus fragula), iyingxenye ye-pectin namanye ama-polymer ezitshalo, kanye nama-microorganisms afana ne-mycobacteria.
I-Glucosamine. Isetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla ekwelapheni izifo zamathambo, le-amino-ushukela yi-monosaccharide egcwele kakhulu ekhona, ekhona ezindongeni zesikhunta nasemagobolondweni e-arthropods.
Saccharose. Eyaziwa nangokuthi ushukela ovamile, itholakala kakhulu emvelweni (uju, ummbila, umoba, ama-beet). Futhi yi-sweetener evame kakhulu ekudleni komuntu.
UStachyose. Akungagayeki ngokuphelele kubantu, kungumkhiqizo we-tetrasaccharide wenhlangano ye-glucose, i-galactose ne-fructose, ekhona kwimifino nezitshalo eziningi. Ingasetshenziswa njenge-sweetener yemvelo.
Cellobiose. Ushukela ophindwe kabili (ama-glucoses amabili) avela ngesikhathi sokulahleka kwamanzi avela ku-cellulose (hydrolysis). Akakhululekile ngokwemvelo.
Matosa. Ushukela wemalt, owakhiwe ngama-molecule amabili eglucose, uqukethe amandla aphezulu kakhulu (kanye ne-glycemic), futhi utholakala ezinhlamvwini zebhali elihlumayo, noma nge-hydrolysis yesitashi ne-glycogen.
Ingqondo. I-Monosaccharide engavamile emvelweni, ingahlukaniswa ne-antibiotic psychofuranin.Inikeza amandla amancane kune-sucrose (0.3%), yingakho iphenywa njengengxenye yokudla ekwelapheni izifo ze-glycemic ne-lipid.