Ama-antibiotic (nokuthi enzelwe ini)

-Delile

• Izibonelo zama-antibiotic nokusetshenziswa kwazo

I- ama-antibiotic Ziyi- uhlobo lwamakhemikhali okususelwa kuzinto eziphilayo noma okwenziwe ngokufakelwa, impahla yayo eyinhloko okungukuthi ukuvimbela ukukhula nokusabalala kwamagciwane athile abangelwa yifomula yawo.

I- ama-antibiotic Zisetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwabantu, izilwane nezitshalo ekulweni nezifo ezivela kumabhaktheriya, yingakho zaziwa nangokuthi ama-antibacterials.

Ngokubanzi, i- ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic isebenza njengeyodwa ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, ukugcwalisa umzimba ngezinto ezinobungozi empilweni yeselula, lapho i ama-microorganism i-pathogen noma umhlaseli uzwela kakhulu kune- amaseli ubungozi.

Ukuzwela okushiwo amagciwane ithonywe ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kwama-antibiotic, okukhuthaza izinhlobo ezingazweli kuwo. Ngalesi sizathu, izizukulwane ezintsha zemithi yezenzo ezinamandla kakhulu noma ecacisiwe kuye kwadingeka ukuthi zenziwe.

Izibonelo zama-antibiotic nokusetshenziswa kwazo

• I-penicillin. Kususelwe kukhunta i-penicillium nguEnerst Duchesne ngo-1897 futhi yaqinisekiswa ngephutha ngu-Alexander Fleming, iyimithi elwa namagciwane yokuqala eyenziwe kahle futhi yasetshenziswa ngobuningi. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zebhaktheriya sezivele ziyamelana nayo, kepha iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-pneumococci, streptococci ne-staphylococci, kanye nokutheleleka okuhlukahlukene esiswini, egazini, emathanjeni, emalungeni nasezinsikeni. Kuneziguli ezingezwani nefomula yayo ezingenakwelashwa ngayo.
• I-Arsphenamine. I-antibiotic yokuqala efanele, ngoba yayisetshenziswa ngaphambi kwe-penicillin ngokumelene ne-syphilis. Ithathwe ku-arsenic, ihlolwe kaningi ize ingabi noshevu esigulini, yize ngobuningi bayo isabulala. Ihanjiswe endaweni yayo yi-penicillin, ephephe kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle.
• I-Erythromycin. Imithi elwa namagciwane yokuqala yeqembu lama-macrolides, okungukuthi, enikezwe izindandatho zamangqamuzana e-lactone, yatholakala ngo-1952 ivela kumagciwane asenhlabathini yasePhilippines. Kusebenza ngempumelelo enkulu ngokumelene amagremu ama-bacteria amahle wamathumbu namathumbu okuphefumula, kanye neChlamydia ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kepha kunemiphumela engemihle engathandeki.
• I-Kanamycin. Ngokusetshenziswa okuvinjelwe ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu, i-Kanamycin isebenza ikakhulukazi ekulweni nesifo sofuba, i-mastitis, i-nephritis, i-septicemia, i-pneumonia, i-actinobacillosis futhi ikakhulukazi izingqinamba ezingamelana ne-erythromycin. Iyasetshenziswa, kanye namanye ama-antibiotic, njengokulungiselela ukusebenza kwekholoni.
• Amikacin. Kusuka eqenjini lama-aminoglycosides, kusebenza ngenqubo yamagciwane yokuhlanganiswa kwe amaprotheni, ibavimbele ekukhiqizeni izakhiwo zamaselula. Ngenye yama-antibiotic asebenzayo alwa namagciwane amelana neqembu lawo lonke futhi asetshenziswa ezimweni ezinzima ze-sepsis, noma ezilwaneni eziyingozi kakhulu ze-gram-negative.
• I-Clarithromycin. Kwasungulwa ososayensi baseJapan ngo-1970, ngenkathi befuna inguqulo ye-erythromycin enemiphumela emibi embalwa, isetshenziswa kakhulu ezifweni zesikhumba, zamabele nezokuphefumula, kanye nasezigulini ze-HIV ukubhekana I-Mycobacterium avium.
• I-Azithromycin. Kususelwa ku-erythromycin nangengxenye ende yempilo, umthamo owuphethe owenziwa kanye ngosuku. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ekulweni ne-bronchitis, inyumoniya, kanye nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi noma ngomchamo, kanye nokutheleleka kwengane.
• I-Ciprofloxacin. I-wide spectrum, ihlasela ngqo i-DNA yebhaktheriya, iyivimbele ekukhiqizeni kabusha. Isebenza ngokuqhathaniswa nohlu olude lwama-bacterium, imvamisa ibekelwe izimo eziphuthumayo zama-antibiotic, ngoba iphephile futhi iyashesha, kepha ingeyeqembu eliphikisana kakhulu lama-antibiotic kunabo bonke: i-fluoroquinolones.
• I-Cefadroxil. Kusuka eqenjini lesizukulwane sokuqala, i-cephalosporins ebanzi, le antibiotic ibalulekile ekulweni nezifo zesikhumba (amanxeba, ukusha), uhlelo lokuphefumula, amathambo, izicubu ezithambile kanye nezifo zofuzo.
• I-Loracarbef. Kuboniswe ezimweni ze-otitis, i-sinusitis, i-pneumonia, i-pharyngitis noma i-tonsillitis, kepha futhi nezifo zomchamo, leli antibiotic lisuselwa kuma-cephalosporin wesizukulwane sesibili, angaphansi kwesigaba esisha: sbongiseni.
• I-Vancomycin. Kusukela ku-oda lama-glycopeptides, ngokwemvelo lifihliwe ngamagciwane athile angama-nocardial. Isebenza kakhulu ngokumelene ne-gram positive, hhayi i-negative, ibhaktheriya futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi, yize izinhlobo eziningi ngokwemvelo zimelana nomuthi.
• I-Amoxicillin. It is a derivative of penicillin, with a wide spectrum, ngempumelelo ekwelapheni izifo zokuphefumula nezesikhumba kanye nama-bacteria ahlukahlukene, yingakho isetshenziswa kakhulu emithini yokwelapha yabantu neyezilwane.
• I-Ampicillin. Futhi isuselwe ku-penicillin, isetshenziswe kakhulu kusukela ngo-1961 ngokulwa ne-meningococci kanye ne-listerias, kanye ne-pneumococci ne-streptococci, kepha ikakhulukazi i-enterococci.
• U-Aztreonam. Imvelaphi yokwenziwa, ine-spectrum esebenzayo kepha emincane kakhulu: amabhaktheriya e-aerobic gram-negative. Kuyindlela efanelekayo yokufaka esikhundleni seziguli ezaliwa i-penicillin, inqobo nje uma kufanelekile.
• I-Bacitracin. Igama lalo livela entombazaneni eyakhishelwa kuyo i-tibia amabhaktheriya lapho ihlanganiswa khona: uTracy. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusikeka futhi kungaphandle, ngoba kuyingozi ku- izinso, kepha ilusizo ekulweni namagciwane ane-gram-in izilonda nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngenye yama-antibiotic abhekene kakhulu nokuvela kwamagciwane amabi futhi amelana nawo.
• I-Doxycycline. Ngeyama-tetracyclines, awusizo ekulweni negciwane elinegremu nelingalungile, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekulweni nenyumoniya, izinduna, ugcunsula, isifo seLyme nomalaleveva.
• Clofazimine. Yenziwe ngo-1954 ukulwa nesifo sofuba, esingasebenzi kahle, futhi kwaba ngomunye wabasebenzeli abanochoko.
• I-Pyrazinamide. Ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izidakamizwa, kuyindlela yokwelashwa okuyisifo sofuba.
• Sulfadiazine. Inqunyelwe ikakhulukazi ukulwa nezifo zomgudu womchamo, kanye ne-toxoplasmosis, isetshenziswa kalula njengoba iveza imiphumela emibi efana ne-vertigo, isicanucanu, isifo sohudo ne-anorexia.
• UColistin. Isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nawo wonke ama-bacilli we-gram negative kanye nama-bacterial polyresistant afana ne- UPseudomonas aeruginosa noma I-Acinetobacter, kuguqula ukungena kwesikhumba sabo. Noma kunjalo, ingaba nemiphumela ye-neuro nephrotoxic.