Izibonelo ze-Oxidizers - Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: UMasebe uchazwe njengomuntu obekwazi kahle ukuxhumana nabantu

-Delile

Ukusabela "redox"
Izibonelo zama-oxidizers

Izinto izihlanganisi (O) yizinto ezihlanganisa i-oxidizing, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa nengcindezi, ezingaxubana nophethiloli zikhiqize, ngokunembile, ukushisa. Kule nqubo i-oxidizer inciphisa ukwenza uphethiloli kuthi eyokugcina ixhunywe ngeyokuqala.

Ama-oxidizers angama-oxidizing agents, athambekele ekuphenduleni okuphazamisayo okukhulu kakhulu (ziveza ukushisa), eziningi zalolu hlobo lwezinto zibhekwa njengezingozi noma zokuphathwa ngokucophelela, ngoba zingadala ukusha okukhulu.

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-oxidizer, ngokunweba, noma iyiphi indlela lapho kungenzeka khona ukushisa.

Bhekafuthi: Izibonelo Zamafutha

Ukusabela "redox"

I- izihlanganisiNjengama-oxidants, akhiqiza ukusabela kwe- "redox", okungukuthi, ukunciphisa kanyekanye ne-oxidation. Kulolu hlobo lokuphendula, ukushintshaniswa kwe-electron kwenzeka kuze kufike ezingeni lapho i-oxidant izuza ama-electron (inciphisa) futhi isinciphisi silahlekelwa ama-electron (oxidizes). Zonke izingxenye ezithintekayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, zithola isimo se-oxidation.

Izibonelo zalolu hlobo lokuphendula yizimo zokuqhuma, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali noma ukugqwala.

Izibonelo zama-oxidizers

Oxygen (O₂). I-oxidizer par excellence, ebandakanyeka cishe kukho konke ukusha okuvuthayo noma okuqhumayo. Eqinisweni, umlilo ojwayelekile awukwazi ukuvela lapho ungekho. Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-redox kusuka kumkhiqizo we-oxygen, ngaphezu kwamandla, inani le-CO₂ namanzi.
I-Ozone (O₃). Imolekyuli yegesi engavamile emvelweni, yize igcwele ezingxenyeni eziphezulu zomkhathi, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi nezinye izinqubo ezisebenzisa amandla ayo e-oxidizing.
I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂NOMA₂). Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hydrogen peroxide noma i-dioxogen, iwuketshezi olunezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu, olune-oxidizing kakhulu, oluvame ukusetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane ezilondeni noma izinwele ze-bleach. Ifomula yayo ayizinzile futhi ijwayele ukwehla ibe ngama-molecule wamanzi nomoya-mpilo, ikhiphe amandla okushisa kule nqubo. Alikwazi ukutsha, kepha lingakhiqiza ukushisa okuzenzakalelayo lapho kukhona ithusi, isiliva, ithusi noma into ethile ephilayo.
Ama-Hypochlorites (ClO-). La ma-ions aqukethwe ezinhlanganisweni eziningi ezinjenge-liquid bleach (i-sodium hypochlorite) noma ama-powders (i-calcium hypochlorite), angazinzile kakhulu futhi athanda ukubola lapho kukhona ukukhanya kwelanga, ukushisa nezinye izinqubo. Basabela ngokudidayo kakhulu ezintweni eziphilayo, ezingadala ukushisa, kanye nama-manganese, akhe ama-permanganate..
Ama-permanganates. Lawa ngosawoti abatholakala ku-permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), lapho bathola khona ifa le-anion MnO₄^– ngakho-ke i-manganese isesimweni sayo esiphezulu se-oxidation. Zivame ukuba nombala we-violet onamandla nokuvutha okuphezulu kakhulu lapho zihlangana nezinto eziphilayo., ukukhiqiza ilangabi eli-purplish futhi kungadala ukusha okukhulu.
I-Peroxosulfuric acid (H₂SW₅). Lokhu okuqinile okungenambala, okuncibilika ku-45 ° C, kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle zezimboni njengesibulala-magciwane nokuhlanza, nasekwenzeni usawoti we-asidi lapho kukhona izinto ezifana ne-potassium (K). Lapho kukhona ama-molecule we-organic, afana ne-ether nama-ketone, akha ama-molecule angazinzile kakhulu nge-peroxygenation, njenge-acetone peroxide.
I-acetone peroxide (C₉H₁₈NOMA₆). Yaziwa njenge-peroxyketone, le nhlanganisela ephilayo iqhuma kakhulu, ngoba iphendula kalula ukushisa, ukuxabana noma umthelela. Kungakho amaphekula amaningi esebenzise njengesiqhumane ekuhlaseleni kwabo futhi hhayi abaningi bamakhemikhali abalimele lapho beyiphatha. Iyimolekyuli engazinzile kakhulu, okuthi lapho ibola yenze ezinye izinto ezizinzile kakhulu ikhiphe amandla amakhulu kakhulu (ukuqhuma kwe-entropic).
AmaHalogen. Ezinye izinto zeqembu VII lethebula lezikhathi, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-halogen, zivame ukudala ama-mononegative ion ngenxa yesidingo sawo sama-electron ukuqedela izinga lawo lokugcina lamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha usawoti owaziwa ngokuthi ama-halides ane-oxidizing ephezulu.
Ama-Tollens reagent. Eqanjwe usokhemisi waseJalimane uBernhard Tollens, iyinkimbinkimbi ye-diamine (amaqembu amabili ama-amine: NH₃) nesiliva, lokusetshenziswa kokuhlola ekutholeni ama-aldehydes, ngoba umthamo wawo onamandla we-oxidizing uwaguqula abe yi-carboxylic acid. Ama-tollens reagent, noma kunjalo, uma egcinwe isikhathi eside, ngokuzenzekelayo enza isiliva eligcwalisa (i-AgCNO), usawoti wesiliva oqhuma kakhulu..
Osmium Tetroxide(Ibhere₄). Ngaphandle kokutholakala kwe-osmium, le nhlanganisela inezinhlelo eziningi ezisebenzisayo, ukusetshenziswa nezakhiwo. Ngokuqinile, isibonelo, iguquguquka kakhulu: iphenduka igesi ekamelweni lokushisa. Yize iyisixhumi esinamandla, esinokusetshenziswa okuningi elabhoratri njengesikhuthazi, asisebenzi ngama-carbohydrate amaningi, kodwa inobuthi obukhulu ngamanani angaphansi kwaleyo etholakala ngephunga lomuntu.
Usawoti we-Perchloric acid (HClO₄). Usawoti ogcwele iqukethe i-chlorine esimweni se-oxidation esiphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa iziqhumane, amadivayisi we-pyrotechnic namafutha e-rocket, njengoba eyi-oxidizer enkulu enokuqedwa okuncane kakhulu.
AmaNitrate (NO₃^–). Ngokufana nama-permanganate, angosawoti lapho i-nitrogen isesimweni esibalulekile se-oxidation. Lezi zinhlobo zamakhemikhali avela ngokwemvelo ekubolile kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo njenge-urea noma amanye amaprotheni ane-nitrogen, akha i-ammonia noma i-ammonia, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumanyolo. Futhi iyingxenye ebalulekile yempuphu emnyama, isebenzisa amandla ayo e-oxidation ukuguqula ikhabhoni nesibabule nokukhulula amandla wekhalori..
I-Sulfoxides. Kutholakale ikakhulu i-organic oxidation yama-sulfide, lolu hlobo lwe-compound lusetshenziswa emithini eminingi yokwelapha futhi lapho kukhona i-oxygen eningi bangaqhubeka nenqubo yabo ye-oxidation baze babe ama-sulfone, awusizo njengama-antibiotic.
I-Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). Le nhlanganisela iqinile ngombala obomvu obomvu, iyancibilika emanzini futhi iyadingeka ezinqubweni zokuqinisa nokuguqula izinsimbi. Ukuthintana kuphela ne-ethanol noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo kubangela ukuthungela ngokushesha kwalesi sakhi., ebola kakhulu, enobuthi kanye ne-carcinogenic, kanye nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile ye-chromium ene-hexavalent, into eyingozi kakhulu emvelweni.
Amakhemikhali ane-cerium VI. I-Cerium (Ce) iyisici samakhemikhali se-lanthanides, insimbi ethambile empunga, i-ductile, ene-oxidized kalula. Ama-oxidi e-cerium ahlukene atholakala asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi ekwenziweni kwemeshi nanjengetshe elikhanyayo (“tinder”) ngenhlanganisela yensimbi., ngoba ukungqubuzana okuwukuphela kwezinye izindawo kwanele ukukhiqiza izinhlansi nokushisa okusebenzisekayo.