Izibonelo zezicelo zePetroleum - Encyclopedia

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Izibonelo zezicelo ze-petroleum

I- Uphethiloli Ikona ukuxubanaokuyinkimbinkimbi,aminyene futhi bituminousyama-hydrocarbon, yakhiwa ngenxa yokwakheka komhlaba kanye nokuguqulwa kwasendulo izinto eziphilayo, yacindezelwa amakhulu eminyaka namazinga okushisa enhlabathini engaphansi kwamakhulu eminyaka. Izindawo lapho kutholakala khona uwoyela owaziwayo zaziwa njengezinkundla zikawoyela.

Ingabe mayelana into evuthayo enamandla aphezulu wekhalori kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni amandla nezinto ezisetshenzisiwe zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza. Le nqubo yokuguqula uwoyela ongahluziwe waba ezinye izinto ezisebenzisekayo yaziwa njenge ukucwengisiswa futhi kwenzeka endaweni yokuhluza.

Ukubaluleka kokuhweba kukawoyela kukhulu kangangokuba emhlabeni wanamuhla Ukwehla kwamanani entengo engahluziwe kuyakwazi ukuthinta yonke iminotho nokutshekisa ibhalansi yezezimali yomhlaba ngandlela thile..

Njengoba kungu isisetshenziswa semvelo esingavuseleleki, imithombo kawoyela emhlabeni ilinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-143,000, asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani emazwekazini amahlanu: IVenezuela inezinqolobane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komfula i-Orinoco nangaphansi kweLake Maracaibo; iMiddle East ikleliswe endaweni yesibili kuthi iMexico, Canada, Argentina neBrazil kube isithathu.

I- Uphethiloli, eduze ne Amalahle futhi amanye ama-hydrocarbon okufanayo kwakha okuthiwa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kukawoyela

Izinhlobo zamafutha ezikhona ngokujwayelekile zihlukaniswa ngokwamandla adonsela phansi we-API noma ama-API degrees, isilinganiso sobuningi esiqhathaniswa namanzi. Kunezinhlobo ezine zamafutha "ongahluziwe", okungukuthi, angachazwanga, ngokusho kwalesi silinganiso:

Ukukhanya okukhanyayo noma okukhanyayo. Ine-31.1 ° esikalini se-API noma ngaphezulu.
Okulingene okulingene noma okumaphakathi. Inaphakathi kwe-22.3 ne-31.1 ° API.
Amafutha asindayo. Amandla adonsela phansi aphakathi kwe-10 ne-22.3 ° API.
Okungaxakile okusindayo. Amandla adonsela phansi angaphansi kuka-10 ° API.

A) Yebo, lapho uwoyela umkhulu kakhulu, kuzothatha umzamo omkhulu ukukhipha ngakho-ke okubiza kakhulu kuzoba umsebenzi wokukhiqiza ongahluziwe.

Izibonelo zezicelo ze-petroleum

Ukuthola uphethiloli. Okukodwa kwe okokubasa Okufunwa kakhulu emhlabeni uphethiloli ngezinombolo zawo ezahlukahlukene ze-octane, ngoba iyona enikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezivuthayo, okunomthelela owamukelekayo ekukhishweni kukadoti onobuthi kanye namagesi afaka isandla ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezimoto zomlilo zangaphakathi kukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kangangokuthi ezinye izindlela zemvelo nezomnotho kunokufunwa kukaphethiloli sezivele ziyalandelwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kweplastiki. Amapulasitiki anjalo ama-polymers imikhiqizo yokufakelwa etholakala ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali aphilayo asuselwa ku-oyili, ngokuhlangana kwawo okulandelayo, ukubumba nokupholisa, inqubo ebanikeza ukwakheka kwabo okuningi okungenzeka kanye nokuphikisana kwabo nokukhubazeka komzimba. Ziwusizo ngokwedlulele futhi zifunwa ngenombolo engapheli yezimboni zokukhiqiza, ezakhiwa kulolu hlobo lwezinto ezisuka kumathoyizi, iziqukathi, amathuluzi kanye nezitsha, kuya kuma-prosthetics ezokwelapha nezingxenye zokungcebeleka zemishini.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi. Ngokunikwa amandla ayo amakhulu woku ukushisa, Uwoyela nezinye izinto zawo ezivuthayo ezisetshenziselwa ukondla ama-boilers ezitshalo eziphehla ugesi. Kanye namalahle, ukusabela kwenuzi kanye ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, uwoyela uyingxenye yezinsizakusebenza zamanje zamandla amakhulu, ngoba ngogesi okhiqizwe izindlela ezingapheli emhlabeni zinganikwa amandla.
Ukushisa kwasekhaya. Yize kukhona amadivayisi okushisa wesifunda asebenza ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukagesi hhayi izinto ezivuthayo, kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale abaningi abakhiqiza ukushisa okuphendula ekushiseni okuqhubekayo, njengegesi (ikakhulukazi i-butane ne-propane etholwe ngesikhathi i-petroleum distillation). Lokhu okwedlule, ngenhlanhla, kunikezwa ngamasilinda noma ngamapayipi ukunika amandla amakhishi nezifudumezi zamanzi emizini yabantu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenayiloni. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi inayiloni yake yakhiqizwa kusuka ezinhlakeni zemvelo, kepha namuhla kulula kakhulu futhi kushibhile ukuyithola ku-benzene namanye ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi (ama-cyclohexanes) aqhamuka ekucwengweni kukaphethiloli.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Acetonene-phenol. I-Acetone nabanye izincibilikisi Okwamanje isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni ama-cleaners, ama-nail polish kanye neminye imikhiqizo yalolu hlobo, ihlanganiswa kalula kusuka kuma-hydrocarbon anamakha ku-petroleum, ikakhulukazi i-cumene (isopropylbenzene). Le mikhiqizo ibuye isetshenziswe njengokufaka embonini yezemithi.
Ukuthola uphalafini. Lo uphethiloli, obizwa nangokuthi i-parafini noma i-canfin, utholakala nge-distillation kawoyela futhi unendawo emaphakathi phakathi kukaphethiloli nodizili. Isetshenziswa njengophethiloli kuma-turbines kaphethiloli nasezinjini zejet, lapho kulungiswa izincibilikisi noma ukufudumeza. Phambilini ibinendawo ebalulekile ekuzalweni kokukhanyisa komphakathi emadolobheni, ngaphambi kokuthi yenziwe ngegesi bese kuba ugesi. Amalambu kaphalafini asathengiswa.
Ukuthola i-asphalt. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-bitumen, lena yinto enamathelayo, ebukekayo, ehola ngompunga eyenza ingxenyana esindayo kawoyela ongahluziwe. Lokho wukuthi, lapho uwoyela usuchithiwe kanye namafutha kanye nezinto ezisebenzisekayo ezitholakele, okusalayo yi-asphalt. Njengoba ingancibiliki emanzini, isetshenziswa njengokumboza kumasu okuvimbela amanzi nanjengesibopho ekwakheni imigwaqo emikhulu, imigwaqo neminye imisebenzi yengqalasizinda yemigwaqo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwetiyela. I-Tar yinto eminyene, emnyama, e-viscous nephunga elinamandla, umkhiqizo we-distillation eyonakalisayo yezinto ezifana namalahle, ezinye izinkuni ezinenhlaka, amaminerali kanye namafutha. Kuyinhlanganisela yezakhi zemvelo, okuhlukile okutholwe kumalahle noma uwoyela kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kune-carcinogenic. Noma kunjalo, inezicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni, ngopende, izinhlaka zezimboni, nezinhlobonhlobo zayo ezingabulali kangako zisetshenziswa embonini yensipho nogwayi.
Ukuthola ama-olefini akhanyayo. I-Ethylene, i-propylene ne-butene ibizwa ngale ndlela, izinto ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokucwengwa kukawoyela futhi ezinikeza okokufaka okuyisisekelo ezimbonini ngokungafani nemithi yokwelapha, ukwenziwa kwamasondo ezimoto, amapulasitiki nezintambo zokwenziwa zemboni yendwangu.
Ukwenziwa komanyolo. Imikhiqizo eminingi evela embonini ye-petrochemical ingamakhemikhali enitrogenous noma sulphated athi, engezwe enhlabathini, anikeze impilo yezitshalo amandla abalulekile okunomsoco. Laba manyolo basetshenziswa kwezolimo nasekulingweni kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokubulala ukhula. Abalingani bezolimo bomanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye ne-herbicides yokulwa nezinambuzane, isikhunta, amakhambi ama-parasitic nezinye izithiyo ekukhiqizeni ezolimo, imvamisa ziqukethe ama-xylenes, i-ammonia nama-amide, atholakala embonini ye-petrochemical ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.
Ukwenziwa kwamafutha okuthambisa. Emgqonyeni ngamunye kawoyela ocwengekile, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-50% akhiwa ngophalafini noma izisekelo ze-naphthenic, okungukuthi, uwoyela ominyene wemvelaphi engokwemvelo eyakha uwoyela okonga futhi ofunwayo wokusebenza kahle kwemishini ehlukahlukene, njengezinjini zezimoto, Ngokwesibonelo. Lezi zithambisi zingaba amaminerali (aqondile avela kuphethiloli) noma okwenziwe (okutholakala elabhorethri, kuphethiloli noma eminye imithombo).
Ukuthola izimpahla zelebhu. Imikhiqizo eminingi evela embonini kawoyela ngezigaba zayo ezahlukahlukene kungenzeka ingasetshenziswa ngokushesha, kepha isebenza njengokokufaka isandla emsebenzini wamalabhoratri amakhemikhali ezinhlobonhlobo. Ithuba lokuthola isibabule, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen noma abanye izakhi zamakhemikhali Izinto eziyinhloko ezihambisana nohlu lokwelashwa lwala ma-hydrocarbon, noma izakhi ezifana ne-ammonia noma i-ether, zenza uwoyela umthombo ongapheli impahla eluhlaza.
Ukuthola udizili. Ebizwa nangokuthi udizili, noma ngomqondo waso odume kakhulu: udizili, lo kaphethiloli oketshezi uhlanganiswa cishe ngokuphelele ngophalafini futhi unamandla aphakeme kakhulu yize amandla okushisa ephansi kancane kunophethiloli. Ngenxa yalokhu kuminyana, udizili usebenza kahle futhi ungcolisa kancane kunalokhu, kepha usetshenziswa cishe kuphela ekuthuthweni kwempahla nasemikhunjini.